基于ESDA GWR的人口城镇化与土地城镇化协调度时空分异及影响因素研究*——以中原城市群为例

[目的]以中原城市群30个地市为研究对象,构建由经济、社会、投入、产出等维度组成的评价指标体系,探索人口—土地城镇化的耦合协调分异及影响因素,并提出适合区域实际的差别化管理政策,为扭转区域协调发展水平不平衡现状提供参考。[方法]采用ESDA、GWR、热点分析等空间分析方法,对1996年、2006年和2016年中原城市群30个地级单元两化协调发展的时空分异格局、空间相关性、演变趋势和影响因素进行分析。[结果]3年城镇化协调水平存在显著的空间分异,发展度逐步向南呈好转态势、耦合度普遍较高,呈扩散趋势,协调度差异程度日趋减小;城镇化质量和数量关系可划分为7种类型,形成以基本协调型为主,轻度超前型为辅的空间格局;城镇化协调度空间聚效应明显;动力因子对各地区协调度的影响具有明显的空间异质性,经济因子是主要影响因素,从东北到西南作用逐步增大,外来因子不够稳定,社会因子从西向北高值集聚区不断扩大。[结论]未来应抓住政策优势,打破地域隔阂,走精细化发展道路,缓解人地矛盾;依托区域优势,优化产业结构,提升经济因子驱动,促进经济均等化、一体化发展,减少核心城市对周围地市的虹吸效应,提高城镇化协调发展水平。     

长江经济带人口—土地—产业非农化协调发展的时空特征及其驱动因素

[目的]为了解决城乡要素流动不顺畅、明确区域人口—土地—产业非农化发展状况,实现区域协调发展与城乡融合的目的。[方法]文章以长江经济带110个地级市为例,运用核密度分析、地理探测器及空间计量模型,对人口—土地—产业非农化协调发展的时空特征及其驱动因素进行了系统分析。[结果]时间上,2006—2016年长江经济带人口—土地—产业非农化协调度呈现明显的增长趋势;空间上,非农化协调发展水平呈现条块状分布特征,从东向西逐步递减,协调度高值区主要分布在下游经济发达地区、省会城市、中心城市,非农化发展不协调的城市分布在云南、贵州的部分地区。长江经济带形成了以成渝城市群、长江中游城市群、长江三角洲城市群为核心的协调度高值集聚区,极化效应明显:成都市、资阳市、眉山市、内江市为成渝城市群的极化中心,武汉市、咸宁市为长江中游城市群极化中心,南京市、无锡市、苏州市、扬州市、上海市为长江三角洲城市群的极化中心。下游地区人口—土地—产业非农化转型联动协调趋势不断增强,处于高度协调状态;中游地区人口非农化相对滞后是影响非农化协调发展的重要原因;上游地区人口非农化严重滞后于土地和产业非农化,是导致上游非农化协调度过低的直接原因。[结论]经济发展水平、自然与地理区位条件、产业结构、政府决策行为是人口—土地—产业非农化协调发展的主导驱动因素,但不同因素的作用效果存在显著差异;以上研究为制定差异化的城乡要素协调发展政策提供了理论依据。     

基于生态位的京津冀城市群空间功能竞争力研究

[目的]确定合理的城市群规模、职能和分布格局是区域治理和协同发展的必然要求,而精准识别城市发展状态,量化空间功能竞争力一直是重点和难点问题。[方法]以生态位思想作为理论基础,建立城市发展系统模型,将城市发展系统视作经济、环境和社会有机耦合的生态系统。具体采用全排列多边形图示指标法和探索性空间数据分析技术,前者既能克服主成分分析后指标间为单一线性关系的缺点,又能发挥考虑各层级指标阈值对综合分值放缩效应的优点,体现系统整合原理;后者可有效识别相邻单元属性的空间聚集和异常现象,凸显单元的空间关系和分布格局。[结果](1)北京和天津的综合竞争力强,城市地位高、功能强且作用大,因此生态位扩张效应最显著,内向集聚要素,外向拓展空间,最终占据最优或最大生态位;(2)河北省各市的生态位普遍偏低,存在梯度层次,石家庄、唐山和廊坊等地竞争力较强,衡水和邢台等地则相对较弱;(3)生态位是城市发展系统各组分耦合作用的结果。3个时点下各生态位的聚类结果各异,表明城市群还未能形成稳定的集聚现象,仍有较大的协调发展空间。[结论]目前京津冀城市群发展不均衡体现在社会、经济和环境三大维度。推动区域协同发展,建议尽快明确城市群内部各城市的生态位次,制定科学合理的差异化发展战略。增强京津冀城市群内部城市的空间功能竞争力,建议从污染共治、生态同建、经济合作等方面入手。     

安徽省茶叶生产时空集聚演变及驱动因素研究

目的 探明茶叶区域格局演变特征，对优化安徽省茶园空间布局意义重大。方法 文章基于空间分析手段和县域统计信息，定量探究1998—2019年安徽省53个县区茶叶生产格局变迁规律，并对演变驱动因素进行了分析。结果 （1）安徽省茶园种植区域向皖西、皖南空间集聚不断增强。安徽省茶园种植主要分布在两大热点区域：以歙县、黄山市辖区为核心的皖南地区，以霍山县、岳西县为核心的皖西地区。（2）茶叶生产格局由“单核心”向“双核心＋周围小中心”的集聚模式转变。（3）标准差椭圆分析表明，安徽省茶园沿NW-NE方向展布，椭圆扁率由1998年的0.46增加至2019年的0.54，椭圆中心逐步向西北方向迁移。结论 安徽省茶园时空格局集聚及演变的驱动因素趋于多元化。自然资源是区域茶园生产变动的首要因子，政策因素是安徽省茶叶时空集聚的导向性因素，茶叶技术及茶园规模化建设是茶园扩张的推动力，茶叶市场、效益等外部性因子对茶园格局变迁发挥着日趋重要的影响。     

江苏省城乡建设用地经济密度的时空格局演变研究

研究目的:分析江苏省2005—2015年间城乡建设用地经济密度的时空格局及动态演变特征,为提升城乡建设用地集约利用水平、优化用地与产业结构、改进土地利用政策等提供依据。研究方法:变异系数、泰尔指数、相对发展率和探索性空间数据分析方法(ESDA)。研究结果:(1)江苏省城乡建设用地经济密度总体呈增长态势,南北差异明显,高值点主要集中于苏锡常地区、南京市和南通市;(2)城乡建设用地经济密度空间离散程度不断下降,总体差异和区内区间差异呈现持续减小态势;(3)城市发展速度存在明显的时间阶段性与显著的空间分异特征;(4)各地级城市城乡建设用地经济密度呈现出显著的空间自相关,空间上存在明显的区域集聚特征,高值集聚主要在苏南和苏中地区,高值集聚中心由单个城市向城市连绵区方向发展,苏北地区一直表现为低值集聚。研究结论:城乡建设用地外延扩张和低效利用换取经济增长的粗放模式已无法适应发展要求,高效集约利用城乡土地才是保障经济发展的有效方式。     

土地利用经济效益耦合协调度及空间差异研究——以京津冀地区为例

[目的]以土地投入、产出为基础,分析京津冀地区13个城市的土地利用经济效益的空间相关性和异质性,为土地利用方式的调整提供科学参考。[方法]通过构建土地利用经济效益指标体系,运用熵值法测算土地利用经济效益值,并通过耦合协调度模型和空间分析法对京津冀土地利用经济效益空间差异进行了初步探讨。[结果](1)京津冀整体土地利用经济效益耦合协调度较低,耦合协调平均值为0.425,属于濒临失调衰退类型,并且各城市之间发展不平衡;(2)京津冀地区土地利用经济效益全局空间自相关指数Moran's I为0.217 928,表现出显著的空间集聚形态;(3)京津冀地区土地利用经济效益空间差异主要受区位优势、产业结构等影响,京津冀3地仅有北京、天津2个城市处于协调发展状态,河北省整体都处于失调衰退状态。[结论]根据区域土地利用经济效益的空间分异特点,应制定差异化策略,从而提高土地利用经济效益。     

干旱区内陆河流域农村居民点时空格局演变及影响因素

[目的]从宏观层面量化分析石羊河流域1987~2016年农村居民点空间分布格局、时空演变趋势、规模和形态结构,探究自然因素和社会经济因素对农村居民点分布变化的影响,以期为农村居民点整理提供参考依据。[方法]该文以1987年、2001年、2016年3期遥感影像目视解译提取的研究区农村居民点时空分布信息为数据源,并借助GIS空间统计分析技术、景观指数等研究方法。[结果]1987~2016年农村居民点整体空间分布格局未发生明显变化,呈低海拔、小坡度、近水系分布的空间特征,但局部集中趋势进一步加强,其中河流和城市周边是农村居民点集聚较明显的区域。农村居民点斑块复杂性减弱、破碎度降低,形态趋于规则,但由于斑块蔓延扩张引起的居民点斑块两极分化趋势加剧。农村居民点规模分异特征明显,呈小斑块高密度集聚与大斑块低密度分布的格局。[结论]石羊河流域农村居民点空间分布及演变是多种因素共同作用的结果,其中河流和地形对农村居民点分布变化的影响最为突出。     

基于市域尺度的东北地区农地集约利用研究

[目的]农地集约利用是提高农地利用效率、缓解人地供求矛盾,实现农业可持续发展的重要保障。研究农地集约利用时空演变及驱动力,有利于提高东北地区农地集约利用水平,提高农地利用效率,实现该地区农业可持续发展。[方法]文章在构建农地集约利用评价体系的基础上,利用GIS10.2空间分析软件对2001—2016年东北地区下辖40个市市农地集约利用水平作时空格局演变分析。并采用SPSS22.0软件利用主成分分析法研究其农地集约利用驱动力。[结果]黑龙江省集约利用水平最高的为佳木斯市,最低的为伊春市;吉林省集约利用水平最高为白城市,最低为延边市;辽宁省集约利用水平最高为盘锦市,最低为葫芦岛市;内蒙古集约利用水平最高为通辽市,最低为赤峰市。农地集约利用度在空间上由不均匀分布趋向于均匀分布。[结论](1)2001—2016年东北地区农地集约利用水平总体较低,除长春、松原、白城、盘锦、通辽、沈阳等几个市利用集约度为中度水平外,其余各市均处于粗放利用阶段;(2)东北地区集约度在空间格局上呈现出以"通辽—松原—长春—沈阳—四平"较高利用区为核心,且沿通辽和沈阳至佳木斯沿线,构成了显著的东北地区农地集约利用高值区的集聚化特征,农地集约利用低值区分布于该沿线两侧;(3)东北地区农地集约利用驱动力总体上可归纳为农地环境驱动、农地科技资金要素投入驱动、农业经济发展驱动。综上,土地集约利用是一个区域农业发展与农地利用结构相融合的复杂系统,下一步宜对各驱动因子影响的过程和作用机理进行研究,明确农地集约利用驱动机制。     

四川省城市群综合承载力、驱动因子与空间演化

[目的]目前我国以城市群的模式已发展形成多个区域增长极,城市群是推进城镇化的重要载体,进一步明确城市群综合承载力及空间演化的特点具有现实意义。[方法]利用熵权TOPSIS法和创新性地改进引力模型,构建了包括社会、生态、经济的城市群综合承载力评价体系,基于四川省4个城市群的面板数据,测算城市群综合承载力水平、驱动因子以及创新性地引入三大引力探讨城市群空间引力演化。[结果]综合承载力总体趋向改善,但四川省4个城市群发育尚未成熟;产业结构、人口城镇化和城市基础设施建设是城市群承载能力的主要驱动力;城市群内部空间格局不够合理,核心城市扩散效应不显著。[结论]四川省应该针对目前城市群发展存在的问题及不足,从优化城市群结构、省会城市成都集聚发展、次级核心城市多点支撑、政府的扶持指导方面着手实现健康城市化。     

京津冀城市群县域城市土地利用效率时空格局及驱动因素

研究目的：探索京津冀城市群县域城市土地利用效率时空格局与驱动因素机理。研究方法：DEA模型、变异系数、探索性空间数据分析与Tobit模型。研究结果：研究期内,京津冀城市群县域城市土地利用效率均值为0.709,年均效率显著提升,整体效率差异程度有所收敛。不同省市、不同层级区县效率均值存在显著的时空分化,空间集聚态势显著增强,“核心—外围”现象持续凸显。受区县行政级别和社会经济发展基础的双重梯度差距影响,不同因素的作用机理存在明显的差异性。研究结论：京津冀协同发展背景下,亟需严控县域城市用地低效蔓延,促进产业形态和资源配置转型升级。打破行政级别壁垒,完善产业和功能的县际传导,深化城市群核心区域对于外围区县的辐射带动作用。     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

Trust-A monolithic panacea in land use planning?

Although trust research has been extensive and substantial, the constitution and actual merits of trust in land use planning remain nebulous. What do participants of a local land use planning process actually mean when they say they trust the planning committee? How important is participants’ trust in the planning committee in shaping their perceptions of the planning process and their cooperation in it? To explore the everyday meaning of trust in the specific context of local land use planning, semi-structured interviews with the participants of a local planning project in Switzerland were conducted (n = 9). Based on these results, the constitution and the relevance of trust in the responsible planning committee among a wider circle of participants were assessed (n = 66). The results show that participants trust the planning committee if they perceive its members as competent, honest, open, fair, reliable, reciprocating, respectful and committed. Interestingly, a considerable part of trust in the planning committee hinges explicitly on whether the committee incorporates the personal interests of the participant. Trust is indeed vital to participants’ belief that a meaningful discussion and cooperation with the members of the planning committee is possible. However, trust is neither a guarantee for people's approval of planning decisions nor for their cooperation. One implication of the findings is that in order to evaluate trust-building practice comprehensively, it is necessary to first understand the specific everyday meaning of trust for ‘real people’ in real planning processes.     

转变地质工作发展与服务方式的实践和建议

天津市地矿局注重加快转变经济发展方式,发挥地质工作优势,推进低碳清洁能源的开发利用创新和技术进步,紧紧依托地质工作的人才、技术和行业优势,加大清洁环保资源的勘查、研究、开发、利用。针对天津市水资源缺乏的情况,积极加强后备和应紧水源勘查。按照“两种资源,两个市场”的思路,通过实施中外合作勘查项目,以境外勘查工作为载体和平台,实施引进来和走出去战略,为天津市经济社会发展提供地质技术支撑。     

Agricultural Land in Vietnam: Markets Tempered by Family, Community and Socialist Practices

Since the late 1980s, markets involving agricultural land have emerged in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. One major reason is that collective farms, previously a central feature of the country's political economy, ended. And a major reason for that was villagers' everyday politics gnawed the underpinnings of the collectives until they collapsed. Rural households, for the most part, wanted to farm separately. Today they do. Land is not privatized, however. Farming households have land use rights, not ownership. This tempers markets, as do other conditions arising from contending schools of thought in Vietnam about how land should be used, distributed and regulated.     

Conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania: the case of the Mwangaza B CA farmer field school (FFS), Rhotia Village,Karatu District,Arusha

This project was initiated to promote conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania so as to improve the food security and rural livelihood of small- and medium-scale farmers through the scaling-up of CA as a sustainable land management (SLM) tool as well as increasing the numbers of SLM-CA farmer field schools (FFS) in communities. The project had two phases from 2004 to 2010. It was funded by a Government of Germany trust fund and implemented by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the Ministry of Agriculture in Tanzania. The project pilot districts include Arumeru (Arusha and Meru Councils), Karatu, Babati, Hanang and Moshi districts. CA has been shown to offer positive elements that could contribute to fighting hunger and poverty.     

Successful Practices in California Wine Exporting

Abstract

California is one of the world's largest wine producers, yet it has exported only a small portion of its products. Many US wineries want to pursue opportunities in foreign markets but only a few are actually doing this successfully. Therefore, this study attempts to identify the successful practices of 12 California wineries that have achieved their financial targets and other export goals. A qualitative research design of in-depth interviews was employed. Results indicate that there are 5 major success factors, with the two most important being the foreign partner relationship and top management vision and commitment to exporting.     

Time Allocation Decisions Associated with Job Market Preparation: Undergraduate Perceptions versus Market Realities

A survey of agribusiness firms identifies characteristics associated with above average starting salary offers in the allied fields of agribusiness, agricultural economics, business, and economics. A complementary survey is made of students at Texas A&M University and University of Georgia. Results show that firms value work experience and leadership experience more than students do, whereas students value raising grade point average and interview preparation more than do firms. Students seeking a firm's maximum starting salary offer will need to enhance academic performance with substantial work experience and leadership experience.     

Developments in the Doha Round and WTO dispute settlement: some implications for EU agricultural policy

Progress in the Doha Round is assessed against the changes tothe common agricultural policy (CAP) brought about by the Fischlerreforms of 2003–2004, and that proposed for sugar. Anelimination of export subsidies could place EU exports of processedfoods at a competitive disadvantage because of high sugar andmilk prices. Provided the single payment scheme falls withinthe green box, the likely new limits on domestic support shouldnot be problematic for the post-Fischler CAP. However, an ambitiousmarket access package could open up EU markets and bring pressurefor further reform. If there is no Doha agreement, existingprovisions will continue to apply, but without the protectionof the Peace Clause; and increased litigation is likely. FurtherCAP reform is to be expected.