不同规模淡水鱼养殖投入产出比较分析——基于淡水鱼养殖成本收益面板数据的实证研究

淡水鱼养殖在我国水产业中占有非常重要的地位，深人研究淡水鱼养殖的投人产出情况具有重要意义。本文利用历年全国农产品成本收益资料汇编数据对不同规模养殖户——规模户和一般户的投入产出进行比较和经验验证，分析结果表明：淡水鱼单位面积养殖产值由资本、劳动力和技术进步决定；资本和技术对规模户的促进作用要高于一般户，而劳动力对一般户的单位面积产值具有明显的正面影响。     

林业技术效率及其影响因素研究——基于随机前沿生产函数

文章运用随机前沿生产函数估计了林业生产投入要素劳动力和资本的产出弹性,测量了各省区2002～2009年的林业技术效率,并分析了林业技术效率的影响因素。结果表明:林业产业存在明显的技术效率损失,随机前沿生产函数的误差主要是由技术非效率引起;林业产业劳动力和资本的产出弹性分别为0.58和0.47,林业生产仍处于规模报酬递增阶段。总体上,各省区林业技术效率水平相差不大,且林业的平均技术效率水平呈现缓慢上升的趋势;森林病虫鼠害的发生率显著降低了林业技术效率,而基层林业工作站人员文化水平的提高能有效的改善林业生产的技术效率。     

集中连片特困地区扶贫产业发展的规模特征及其经济效率评价——以武陵山片区恩施自治州为例

[目的]在扶贫开发战略中成长起来的特色产业已经成为贫困地区经济发展和农民脱贫致富的支柱产业,特色产业的规模和经济效率直接决定着贫困地区脱贫致富能力。[方法]文章以茶叶、蔬菜代表武陵山片区湖北省恩施自治州扶贫产业,利用集中度指数、扩张弹性系数、单位面积的产值能力和产量能力以及单位产量的产值能力等指标进行扶贫产业发展的规模特征及其经济效率评价。[结果]“十一五”期间以来武陵山片区扶贫产业发展的产业地位逐渐提高、规模扩张优势显著、规模收益递增、投入规模扩张率高于产出规模扩张率、资源配置效率不断提高,比较经济效率差距持续扩大。[结论]扶贫产业亟待根据产业发展的生态化、集聚化和融合化等趋势,在规模扩张中强化特色产品的品质建设和效率优势品种生产专业化程度、提高生产技术水平以及完善产业化组织及其能力建设,提高扶贫产业的经济效率和致富能力。     

Spatial-temporal characteristics and influencing factors of agricultural eco-efficiency in China in recent 40 years

Chinese agricultural output has been multiple under the intensive input of production factors since the reform and opening-up. Such a growth pattern that realizes high output through high input results in increasingly prominent environmental pollution problems. Considering the provincial panel data in China during 1978–2017 as the research units and taking agriculture in broad sense as the study object, the agricultural eco-efficiency (AEE) was measured by the Super-SBM Model, and the influencing factors were screened out from agricultural basic condition, agricultural industrial structure, agricultural development potential and agricultural input strength. The findings indicated that agricultural expected output and unexpected output were synchronously increased, while the change of input factors was totally different and gradually transferred to materiality from resources. In 1978–2017, AEE was increased to 0.713 from 0.405, with an increase of about 76%. And it approximately underwent four stages, including free development, reform promotion, market regulation and policy incentives. Under the resource restraint and policy incentives, AEE showed that Northeast, East and South China were higher than the national average level. North and Central China basically fitted for the national average level, and Southwest and Northwest China were lower than the national average level. Also, it was successively present in some spatial characteristics including polarization, differentiation, agglomeration and reconstruction on the provincial scale. The magnitude and direction of influencing factors indicated that the introduction of subsidy policies for compound fertilizers, an increase of farmers’ incomes, optimization of agricultural plantation structure, and maintenance of stable agricultural product prices could effectively improve AEE.     

贫困山区农户茶叶生产技术效率及影响因素研究

基于湖北省382份茶叶种植户调研数据,采用随机前沿生产函数模型“一步估计”法分析贫困山区农户茶叶生产技术效率和影响因素。研究结果表明:样本户茶叶种植存在较大改进空间;样本户资本和劳动力投入剩余;茶园的海拔、树龄、茶农是否加入合作社、种植面积、户主是否受过种茶培训等因素对农户茶叶生产技术效率有重要影响。因此,提出紧抓乡村振兴战略机遇,推动贫困山区茶产业高质量发展;建立茶产业“三项补贴”,改善茶园基础设施条件;优化茶叶种植布局,提高合作社服务水平;成立茶产业发展基金,加快培育职业茶农,以提高贫困山区农户茶叶生产技术效率。     

新疆生产建设兵团农地适度规模经营实证研究

[目的]农地作为农业发展的基础,其是否适度经营决定着农业的发展方向和经营模式,如何有效地推进农地规模经营,加快农业现代化建设,已成为新农村建设和农村改革发展的重大问题之一。[方法]文章采用文献调查法和实证分析法,开展农地适度规模的定量研究,在分析农八师农地规模现状的基础上,通过构建农地适度规模经营计量模型,系统性地对农八师农地适度规模经营问题进行分析研究。[结果]农八师在新疆建设兵团中有较好的经济优势,通过计量模型计算得出农八师土地产出弹性为4.002 5,劳动力产出弹性为0.721 4,每位兵团职工使用土地的最佳规模为9.79hm~2。[结论]新疆建设兵团农地规模经营要想达到适度规模要求,需要转移出一定数量的人口,以尽早实现兵团农地适度规模经营和农业现代化。     

基于PLS模型的中国林业产值影响因素分析

利用1994～2007年关于中国林业投入与产出的相关数据,采用偏最小二乘回归法,对影响中国林业产出的诸种投入因素进行研究。实证研究发现:中国林业产出主要受林业固定资产投资、林业基本建设投资和林业从业人员人数以及从业人员年均工资等投入因素的影响;且各种投入影响因素对林业第一、二、三产业的影响程度存在差异。为此,建议:保持林业投入适度增长,加大对林业劳动力的教育和培训力度,增强其再就业能力;加强林业固定资产投资和林业基本建设投资,尤其是营林固定资产投资和森工基本建设投资;借助林权制度改革,多渠道拓宽就业途径,以促进林业劳动力向第三产业转移。     

黑龙江省国有林区林业生产率变化研究——2000～2009年天然林资源保护工程期实证分析

选取黑龙江省国有林区40个林业局作为决策单元,收集2000～2009年各林业局投入、产出的面板数据,运用DEA方法进行测算,从技术、规模、效率等层面对10年间黑龙江省国有林区林业生产率的变化进行动态评价,分析林业生产率在此期间的变化趋势。结果表明:一期天保工程的实施对黑龙江省国有林区林业生产率的提升产生了积极的效果,林区在未来应以提高林业生产率为本质目标,要敢于跳出"资源优势陷阱",在二期天保工程及大小兴安岭生态功能区建设的良好机遇下,坚持生态优先为前提,积极进行林业产业转型,构建各林业产业自身的生态化,以及林业各产业之间的生态循环产业体系。     

东北国有林区林业循环经济运行效率评价研究

基于东北国有林区循环经济发展现状,遵循指标体系构建原则,综合考虑循环经济系统中的投入产出要素,构建林业循环效率评价指标体系。以东北国有林区91个林业局和营林局数据为基础,采用数据包络分析方法中的BC2模型对东北国有林区林业循环经济运行效率进行评价研究。结果显示,东北国有林区总体的效率不高,呈规模效益递增的趋势,各投入要素存在冗余,产出要素存在不足,并且地区之间综合效率、规模报酬、投入产出状况差异较大。因此,东北国有林区要积极构建循环产业链,加大人才培养力度,提高管理水平,积极建立循环经济试点,以推动林业循环经济运行效率的提高。     

Agriculture’s Inter‐industry Linkages,Aggregation Bias and Rural Policy Reforms

As agricultural policy reform and its effects have become increasingly territorialised, analyses that attempt to explain or predict impacts need to be both more localised and to identify spill‐over effects. Local and regional general equilibrium approaches have become increasingly popular because they can extend predictions of policy shocks obtainable from partial equilibrium sectoral models to identify the wider effects. However, agriculture is usually described as a single sector in input–output accounts, whereas policy shocks that affect constituent commodities with differential impacts will have inter‐industry effects that are different to those implied by average input–output coefficients. Regionalisation of aggregated input–output tables adds further to these difficulties. The objective of this study is to develop a practical method for dealing with these problems. It describes the theoretical basis of aggregation bias and shows how it can be measured, in two contrasting case study regions in the UK and Sweden. Having established that this is a significant issue, a simple but effective procedure is demonstrated, based on additional information on variable costs, which transforms policy shocks from a direct change in agricultural output to that transmitted to the suppliers of inputs. This method provides an impact close to that which could be calculated if the general equilibrium system had indeed been disaggregated, and supports use of this approach in impact studies where insufficient time or funding are available for complete disaggregation of an agricultural sector’s regional accounts.     

黑龙江省国有重点林区林业经济投入产出效率研究

运用DEA模型对黑龙江省国有重点林区40个林业局进行推测计算投入产出效率,研究发现:林业经济投入产出效率在黑龙江省国有重点林区整体较低,只有少数林业局能够达到有效的投入产出状态,林业投资和劳动力存在显著的投入冗余,林业总产值存在较大的增长空间,通过扩大生产规模等方式会降低投资冗余,但仍会存在较大的劳动力冗余,林业资源的合理配置与要素投入的结构优化是提升黑龙江省国有重点林区林业经济投入产出效率根本途径。     

基于DEA方法的云南省林业可持续发展能力评价

基于DEA方法,从资源投入产出角度,选取3个输入变量和2个输出变量,构建CCR模型,利用2003²012年云南林业统计数据进行分析,结果表明:云南省林业有4年达到技术有效状态,同时林业规模经历先规模效益递增后递减,最后达到规模恰当的变化。结合林业发展现状和云南林业发展轨迹,建议加大林业第三产业发展,积极将林业资源转变为生态旅游资源,依靠科技改造和技术创新,提高林业发展效率,同时提高林业工作人员年收入,改善工作环境,提高林业福利待遇,推动"三农"贷款政策和林业小微企业信用贷款。     

基于DEA优化的内蒙古国有林区C-D生产函数研究

利用DEA方法对内蒙古国有林区C-D生产函数进行优化研究。结果表明,优化后的生产函数更能体现林业生产的特点和生产函数产出最大化的内涵;内蒙古国有林区实际生产中投入产出效率并未达到最优,劳动力和资本投入对产出的贡献并未发挥最大潜力;现实生产中,劳动力对产出的影响为负,经过优化后其弹性系数为正,说明劳动力对于提高林业产值的潜力改进空间很大;在以后的发展中应重点从提高劳动力素质或减少冗余劳动力,提高科技应用能力等方面出发,提高产出和改进生产效率。     

Total factor productivity change in hog production and Quebec's revenue insurance program

Quebec's hog industry is supported by a revenue insurance program that guarantees a minimum price, but it also faces strict environmental constraints. Under price volatility, risk-averse farms may contract their output enough to produce under increasing returns. We show that the subsidy and downside risk reduction effects of the revenue insurance program tend to stimulate output and increase the likelihood of production under increasing returns. Environmental constraints that raise the cost of manure management and limit areas under cultivation also increase the likelihood of decreasing returns. Scale efficiency and technical efficiency measures are obtained through a parametric decomposition of total factor productivity (TFP) obtained from the estimation of an output distance function. As in hog studies pertaining to other countries, we found a TFP average annual growth of 5.2% between 2004 and 2012. Scale efficiency is much lower than in other countries, as per our prior about the program's distortions and environmental constraints. Integrating annual TFP gains into the setting of the minimum guaranteed price could reduce program costs by $12 million per year. About $70–80 million per year could be saved by investing in extension activities that would bring increase the level of technical efficiency of inefficient farms to the provincial average. A metatechnology frontier approach allowing for an endogenous input was also implemented to assess the robustness of the scale efficiency results.     

On the nature and magnitude of cost economies in hog production

In this article, we assess the impact of farm size on production cost and evaluate the marginal costs and margins by considering that input prices may change with the scale of production. By using French hog farm data, we estimate a system of equations including a feed price function, input demand functions, and an output supply function based on a technology approximated by a combined generalized Leontief‐Quadratic form. Our results suggest that the marginal costs are over‐estimated when the adjustment of the feed unit prices to a change in farm size is not controlled for. More specifically, the cost economies for large farms (enjoying the highest profits) arise primarily from lower feed prices, with technological scale economies having little impact. In contrast, farms with no hired labor exhibit technological scale economies and reach higher price‐cost margins compared to larger farms.     

MANAGEMENT AND SIZE ECONOMIES IN THE ENGLAND AND WALES DAIRY SECTOR

Analyses of size economies in the England and Wales dairy sector have generally been made on the basis of comparisons of input-output measures. These measures have been classified according to input use and farm size and have led to conclusions about efficiency and structural change. This paper examines the influence of managerial ability on economies of size using econometrically estimated long-run average cost (LAC) functions from Milk Marketing Board data for 1980/1. The results show that the LAC curve is U-shaped though skewed to exhibit greater economies than diseconomies of size. Better managed farms are shown to produce any given level of output at lower average cost. Moreover, they have larger optimal levels of output.     

甘肃省家庭林场经营效率比较分析

基于2018年甘肃省集体林改监测课题组实地调查数据,运用DEA模型对4种类型家庭林场的经营效率进行比较分析。结果表明:甘肃省家庭林场经营效率整体偏低,不同类型间存在较大差异,经营效率相对较高的是林下养殖型和多功能型家庭林场;各类型家庭林场投入变量都存在不同程度的冗余;家庭林场的经营效率和经营规模关联度不高,更多受技术因素影响。相对而言,种养结合型家庭林场经营面积在0～6.67 hm~2和20～33.33 hm~2,多功能型经营面积在6.67～10.31 hm~2和24.45～25.80 hm~2,能发挥集约优势或规模优势。因此,提出加强对家庭林场主的技术培训;鼓励有实力的家庭林场进行规模化、集约化发展;鼓励种植型家庭林场等拓展经营内容;打造多种功能经营,打造品牌特色等建议。     

中国木材加工业投入产出效率评价

运用可变规模报酬假设下的DEA模型对2002—2012年的中国木材加工业投入产出的技术效率值、纯技术效率值、规模效率值进行测算,并运用差额分析和敏感度分析对投入产出变量进行分析。研究结果表明,近年来中国木材加工业技术效率水平总体不高,大部分年份木材加工业的纯技术效率高于规模效率,较低的规模效率是导致技术效率不高的主要原因;木材加工业的资金投入水平较劳动力投入水平更为合理。因此,实现中国木材加工业的规模化发展是提高木材加工业投入产出效率的关键所在。此外,提高劳动者素质,优化劳动力投入水平对木材加工业的发展也很重要。     

高滩位区花蛤反季节高效池塘生态养殖模式经济效益分析

2007～2009年，在莆田市后海垦区高滩位区采用复合池塘生态系统生态调控养殖技术开展了花蛤反季节高效池塘生态养殖。2007。2008年，13．33hm2示范塘收获花蛤平均规格为59粒／500g，销售平均价格为4．93元／500g，单位产量为5415．75kg／hm2，养殖净利润较传统养殖模式（按照净利润18000元／hm2）的养殖净利润提高了26．80％，投入产出比和净投入产出比分别为1：1．67和1：0．75。2008．2009年，13．33hm2示范塘和33．33hm2推广塘生产的花蛤单位产量分别为6042．49kg／hm2和5850．75kg／hm2，收获规格分别为50粒／500g和54粒／500g，平均价格为4．8元／500g，较福建省花蛤集中大量上市时的价格3．2元／500g有大幅度提高，示范和推广池塘的养殖净利润较传统养殖模式的养殖净利润（按照净利润18000元／hm2）分别提高了58．31％和44．82％，投入产出比分别为1：1．97和1：1．87，净投入产出比分别为1：0．97和1：0．87。结果表明：采用花蛤反季节高效池塘生态养殖模式可以大幅度提高高滩位区花蛤池塘养殖的经济效益。     

近10年长江经济带多尺度耕地利用变化特征

[目的]研究长江经济带耕地利用特征及其变化规律,辅助跨区域耕地保护与管理、促进农业可持续发展。[方法]基于合作博弈赋权法的多指标综合评价法,利用耕地规模、投入和产出指数,分析长江经济带近10年多空间尺度变化特征。[结果](1)2005~2015年期间长江经济带耕地规模指数、投入强度、产出能力均呈现增长态势,增长比例分别为8.98%、124.27%、18.81%。(2)长江经济带不同尺度耕地利用变化特征存在显著差异。上游耕地规模指数增长20.26%,中游地区耕地投入强度增长明显,下游地区耕地规模指数下降3.86%,但耕地产出能力提升显著。从省域尺度上来看,"云南—贵州—湖南—湖北"一带耕地规模指数增加明显,云南、安徽、贵州和四川4省耕地投入强度的涨幅超20%,四川、安徽、江西、江苏省耕地产出能力增长明显。地级及以上城市尺度耕地规模指数、投入强度和产出能力呈"大范围增长,局部小幅降低"格局。(3)地级及以上尺度耕地规模指数、投入强度和产出能力变动关系错位明显。[结论]大区域多尺度耕地利用变化特征对比分析,有助于进一步理解区域耕地利用变化的深层次动力机制,是有效推进跨区域耕地利用与保护、统筹安排农业发展布局和助力流域乡村振兴的重要参考。