基于RAROC的银行资本配置陷阱与修正

利用RAROC(Risk-AdjustedReturnonCapital)与传统CAPM(CapitalAssetPricingModel)模型相结合进行资本配置,是目前大部分银行等金融机构所采用的主流方法。但是由于这一方法忽视了RAROC与CAPM各自的假设和环境,从而导致在很多方面不匹配,因此不可避免地使基于RAROC的资本配置框架产生一些陷阱,如银行对某一类资产的过度配置或者配置不足等问题。为此,本文首先分析了这些陷阱产生的根源及导致的后果,继而针对这些陷阱提出了一系列修正措施,如修正的CAPM模型—二因素模型,文——章最后在讨论这些修正可行性的基础上,建立了新的资本配置框架。     

RAROC在中国商业银行实务中的计量及其系统构建

有效的风险管理是银行价值实现的一个重要手段。基于商业银行在业务拓展中均衡收益风险的思想,本文重点探讨了RAROC的内涵与实质,从银行实务应用的角度提出不同管理目的下的实用RAROC计量模型。同时针对模型测算中面临的数据提取、匹配、分摊等问题进行了研究,指出实用的计量模型、完备的基础数据库和业务部门支持是RAROC系统建设的三大关键要素,并给出系统构建的相关建议。     

商业银行经济资本配置——理论模型与案例研究

近年来,经济资本管理作为优化资源配置、实施全面风险管理的核心工具,在国际先进银行中得到广泛应用。通过经济资本可以量化各业务单元的风险水平,计算抵御风险所需的资本数量,银行决策层可据此调整风险容忍度与发展战略,制定更为科学、合理、清晰的政策组合,确保银行价值最大化目标的实现。本文阐述了商业银行经济资本配置的路线、流程和数理模型,并结合案例进行了更为深入的实证分析。     

论经济增加值在企业业绩评价中的应用

经济增加值是企业业绩评价的重要指标,与传统业绩评价体系相比较它具有多方面的优越性,但是由于它的计算涉及很多调整项目,具有一定难度,导致EVA的推广存在很多障碍,本文选用漳州片仔癀药业股份有限公司2013年半年度报告进行分析,并对经济增加值在我国的应用进行了总结与展望.     

收益率曲线动态与银行经济价值的利率风险

本文在收益率曲线动态的主成分分析基础上,运用MonteCarlo模拟的主成分VaR方法,以我国五家商业银行为样本研究银行账户经济价值利率风险的计量方法,并与巴塞尔委员会标准久期法的结果进行比较。同时,对VaR模型的有效性进行了样本外的返回检验。研究发现,五家银行的经济价值面临的是利率上升的风险;非正态主成分VaR模型估计的经济价值利率风险,都要大于正态主成分VaR模型的结果,这反映了利率波动的厚尾特征,正态假设有可能低估风险。     

Economic Value Added in performance measurement: A simulation approach and empirical evidence

With increasing criticism on measuring executive performance based primarily on Total Shareholder Return (TSR), some academics and practitioners have revived discussions on using Economic Value Added (EVA) as an alternative. But if EVA failed to gain traction over the past two decades, is there any new evidence for it or different approaches to better implement it in corporate settings? In this study, we start by confirming EVA-related metrics' significant positive relationships with long-term TSR in the Australian market. Our empirical findings also address EVA's major drawback – too much complexity arising from accounting adjustments. Our results suggest that accounting adjustments are generally not necessary, and efforts should be re-directed to designing direct and intuitive plan mechanisms. In addition, we develop a pseudo environment to illustrate EVA's managerial benefits and potential to cultivate sustainable growth. To study this influence, we leverage capital-based simulation techniques and mimic executive decision making under different performance measurement conditions, which was typically only discussed in a qualitative or theoretical sense. We find that EVA-related metrics naturally induce long-term, strategic and sustainable decision making without limiting executives to overly focus on short-term profitability. This simulation approach not only provides quantitative evidence, but also gives practitioners in different market environments an expandable and scalable pseudo framework to test the effect of different incentive plans and inform performance target setting, a useful but often overlooked feature in, for instance, the Australian market, where data is relatively scarce.     

我国商业银行价值创造与EVA的相关性研究

本文以我国上市的商业银行作为考察样本,对经济增加值（EVA）和商业银行市场增加值（MVA）之间的关系做实证分析。结论发现,EVA与商业银行价值创造有着很强的相关性,并且具有一定的解释力。但是在我国证券市场不够成熟的大环境下,EVA对价值创造的解释度和其他的会计指标有重叠。因此,评价商业银行价值创造时,应该将EVA和传统的会计指标结合使用。     

Risk‐Adjusted Measures of Value Creation in Financial Institutions

Abstract Many financial institutions assess portfolio decisions using RAROC, the ratio of expected return to risk (or ‘economic’) capital. We use asset pricing theory to determine the appropriate hurdle rate, finding that this varies with the skewness of asset returns. We quantify this discrepancy under a range of assumptions showing that the RAROC hurdle rate differs substantially, being higher by a factor of five or more for equity which has a right skew compared to debt which has a pronounced left skew, and also between different qualities of debt exposure. We discuss implications for both financial institution risk management and supervision.     

Assessing dependence between financial market indexes using conditional time-varying copulas: applications to Value at Risk (VaR)

We analyse the dynamic dependence structure between broad stock market indexes from the United States (S&P500), Britain (FTSE100), Brazil (BOVESPA) and Mexico (PCMX). We employ Patton’s [Int. Econ. Rev., 2006, 2, 527–556] conditional copula setting and additionally observe the impact of different copula functions on Value at Risk (VaR) estimation. We conclude that the dependence between BOVESPA and the other indexes has intensified since the beginning of 2007. In our case the particular copula form is not crucial for VaR estimation. A goodness-of-fit test based on the parametric bootstrap is also applied. The best fits are obtained via time constant Student-t and time-varying Normal copulas.     

商业银行风险偏好设置与传导——基于巴塞尔协议视角的研究

风险偏好是银行在实现战略目标过程中愿意且能够承担的风险数量和种类,实质上是银行战略在风险管理上的具体体现。本轮金融危机表明,构建良好的风险偏好框架是建设稳健的全面风险管理体系的重要内容之一。风险偏好设置包括选取指标、量化指标值等;传导则包括自上而下的分解和自下而上的反馈过程。风险偏好应成为全程风险管理的主线。本文从风险偏好的定义、作用、设置和传导角度做一分析,以期对国内商业银行构建和实施科学的风险偏好框架有所启示。     

商业银行二级分支行经济资本管理的问题与对策

随着商业银行进入资本管理时代,经济资本管理逐渐成为商业银行核心管理模式,也是转型道路中同业经济资本管理水平和能力的博弈。商业银行二级分支行位于市场竞争最前沿,是整个经济资本管理体系执行层的着力点,其资本管理如何事关全局。本文以工商银行为例简述了工商银行经济资本管理的,主要运行情况,从二级分支行的视角,指出管理层应通过设计经济资本运作管理流程,给予二级分支行相应配套的支持和制度完善,二级分支行要将EVA和RAROC指标及意义渗透到经营管理的考核、评价和资源分配中,在资本管理流程内规范化和程序化运作,引导和约束经营行为,实现新的健康的经营转型目标。     

Structural effects of asset-backed securitization

This paper analyses the potential changes in the operational structure of deposit-taking financial institutions that securitize assets. Findings indicate that banks can create an asset securitization pipeline structure that enables them to increase their return on capital. In other words, through securitization banks can expand their loan provision business without increasing their liabilities or their capital levels. Using a contingent claims model, four factors that impact on the bank's decision to securitize are highlighted and analysed: (i) the level of deposit insurance; (ii) capital adequacy requirements; (iii) insolvency risk; and, (iv) the risk of credit enhancements. Furthermore, we identify key accounting and regulatory challenges that emerge for banks from the process of asset backed securitization.     

The cyclical effects of the Basel II capital requirements

Capital requirements play a key role in the supervision and regulation of banks. The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision is in the process of changing the current framework by introducing risk sensitive capital charges. Some fear that this will unduly increase the volatility of regulatory capital. Furthermore, by limiting the banks’ ability to lend, capital requirements may exacerbate an economic downturn. The paper examines the problem of capital-induced lending cycles and their pro-cyclical effect on the macroeconomy in greater detail. It finds that the capital buffer that banks hold on top of the required minimum capital plays a crucial role in mitigating the impact of the volatility of capital requirements.     

Evaluating risk‐based capital regulation

This paper evaluates the effectiveness of risk‐based capital (RBC) regulation and challenges some evidence from the well‐known study by Haldane and Madouros (2012). We reconsider the evidence on the relationship between RBC ratios and failures of US banks from Haldane and Madouros (2012) and find their results are not robust to changes in the sample period or regression model. Using data on US commercial banks from 2000 through 2015 and an improved regression model, we compare banks’ RBC ratios and simple capital ratios as predictors of bank risk. We find simple capital ratios to be significantly better than complex RBC ratios as predictors of bank risk.     

The impact of the choice of VaR models on the level of regulatory capital according to Basel II

The Basel II framework allows the calculation of the capital requirements for market risk with Value-at-Risk models. Since no special model is prescribed in the framework, banks may use simple models with questionable assumptions concerning their underlying distributions. Our numerical analysis reveals that simple VaR models that perform noticeably worse than comparable simple models with more realistic assumptions may lead to a lower level of regulatory capital for banks. For this reason, banks have a major incentive to implement bad models. This is obviously contrary to the interests of regulatory authorities.     

Banks’ equity performance and the term structure of interest rates

Using an extensive global sample, this paper investigates the impact of the term structure of interest rates on bank equity returns. Decomposing the yield curve to its three constituents (level, slope and curvature), the paper evaluates the time‐varying sensitivity of the bank's equity returns to these constituents by using a diagonal dynamic conditional correlation multivariate GARCH framework. Evidence reveals that the empirical proxies for the three factors explain the variations in equity returns above and beyond the market‐wide effect. More specifically, shocks to the long‐term (level) and short‐term (slope) factors have a statistically significant impact on equity returns, while those on the medium‐term (curvature) factor are less clear‐cut. Bank size plays an important role in the sense that exposures are higher for SIFIs and large banks compared to medium and small banks. Moreover, banks exhibit greater sensitivities to all risk factors during the crisis and post‐crisis periods compared to the pre‐crisis period; though these sensitivities do not differ for market‐oriented and bank‐oriented financial systems.     

基于EVA的商业银行经济资本管理与价值创造研究

只有为企业带来超过资本最低回报要求的业务,才真正为企业创造了价值,而那些创造收益水平低于资本最低回报要求的业务,实际上是在消耗企业的价值,因而价值最大化是银行经营最终目标。银行经济资本管理可以为银行创造价值。以EVA作为价值创造能力衡量指标,经济资本管理为银行创造价值路径有四个:绩效考评、战略制定、产品定价和资产组合选择。     

Does the ownership structure matter for banks’ capital regulation and risk-taking behavior? Empirical evidence from a developing country

This paper applies the two-stage least squares (2SLS) estimator to examine the bi-directional relationship between banks’ capital regulation and risk-taking behavior concerning the impact of ownership structure. We have used a balanced panel dataset of banks from a developing country over the most recent period between 2006 and 2014. The empirical findings of this study suggest that higher capital regulation enhances banks’ stability when it combats with credit risk but higher credit risk often persuades abating capital ratio. Particularly, the key results are as follows: (i) the higher association of minority active shareholding in stability issues is positive; (ii) the higher contribution of active share holding promotes banks’ capital ratio; (iii) the lower ownership concentration prevents credit risk; (iv) private commercial banks are more risk averse and stable than state-owned banks and other type of banks; and (v) notably, Islamic banks show their superiority through overall performance despite their lower capital stability than conventional banks. Besides, no models show significant non-linear relationship between capital regulation and risk-taking except models of stability show a U-shaped relation in capital equation, indicating that when regulatory pressure works in a country then bank lose solvency at the initial stage. Finally, it also provides some imperative policy implications which will be very useful for a wide range of stakeholders.     

贷款证券化、监管资本套利与资本监管改进

巴塞尔协议的资本充足率指标可以反映银行部门吸收风险损失的能力,但是无法监测和控制银行体系外的贷款总额和累积的信用风险。20世纪70年代的贷款证券化创新导致银行进行监管资本套利,并使得资本充足率监管趋于失效。本文基于贷款证券化下银行贷款余额与社会贷款余额的差异,分析银行监管资本套利的微观机制并提出改进资本监管的建议。     

国外两种商业银行经济资本计量方法的比较分析

国外银行使用不同方法对经济资本进行计量,有的借助资本乘数计量经济资本,有的使用贷款组合的损失分布计量经济资本。本文对瑞士波士顿银行和美国银行采用的经济资本计量方法进行比较,分析这两种方法在我国商业银行运用的局限性以及改进的思路。