金融分权、股权结构与银行贷款风险北大核心

本文在分析金融分权与银行大股东之间内在关系的基础上,建立了商业银行经营函数,分析政府层级间金融分权和政府与市场间金融分权对银行贷款风险的影响,进而实证得出结论:中央政府向地方政府的金融分权深化后,地方政府通过成为城市商业银行和农村商业银行的大股东,在地方银行的公司治理和重大项目贷款等事项上具有一定的干预权利,从而加剧了银行的贷款风险。政府与市场间金融分权深化,一方面会一定程度上减少地方政府的干预,有利于提高利率弹性和资金效率,有利于降低银行贷款风险;但另一方面,这一分权导致金融竞争程度提高,会增加银行的冒险冲动,引发贷款风险。因此,从货币金融的外部性、金融风险的内生性及自发膨胀性,以及政府与市场的均衡等角度,应保持必要程度的金融集权或金融适度分权。     

所有权、产业政策指导与银行贷款利率

以上市公司披露的银行信贷数据为样本,实证分析产业政策指导对企业贷款利率的影响。结果表明:产业政策指导中的重点支持类企业和一般支持类企业往往获得了银行贷款的利率优惠,商业银行较好地落实了国家的产业政策;相比于民营企业,与政府有密切关系的国有企业获得了较低的贷款利率,商业银行的信贷决策表现出一定程度的所有权金融歧视。     

基层农行盘活不良资产的对策与措施

当前,信贷资产质量差、不良贷款居高不下已成为基层农行面临的普遍问题。因此,认真研究化解不良信贷资产的措施,实现信贷资金的安全性、流动性和效益性,很有必要。一、不良信贷资产成因浅析（一）银行外部的原因。一是政策性因素影响。过去,农行除发放一般意义上的贷款以外,还发放了相当多的政策性贷款,其中属于1982年前的农业集体贷款,由于债务无法落实到户,长期挂在银行帐上,成为历史包袱。二是地方政府急功近利,盲目决策,强令银行贷款造成。主要是地方政府为上新项目,干预银行发放“点名贷款”或“戴帽贷款”;或以召开“现…     

地方信贷关系博弈及其对信贷增长的影响研究

从我国长期实践看,不论是金融管理制度、还是地方政治环境,最终通过市场主体关系博弈影响基层金融运行和信贷增长。银行、地方政府与金融监管部门对地方金融运行有重要影响,本文着重分析银行、地方政府与金融监管部门之间的博弈关系及其对地信贷增长的影响,通过博弈分析结果为转变地方金融管理理念和促进基层金融可持续健康发展提出政策建议。     

股权结构、信贷行为与银行绩效——基于我国城市商业银行数据的实证研究

本文基于2004～2009年城市商业银行数据,分析了我国城市商业银行的公司治理结构对其信贷行为、不良贷款和银行业绩的综合影响。本文研究发现股权结构是影响我国城市商业银行信贷行为和经营业绩的重要因素。第一大股东的控股能力越强,银行的不良贷款率越高,贷款集中度越高,经营绩效也越差;银行的大股东同样存在的"掏空"动机,第一大股东股权性质为地方政府的银行不良贷款率更高。而银行中的独立董事对银行大股东的"掏空"行为有着显著的抑制作用。我们还发现,股权结构会通过影响城市商业银行的贷款集中度和贷款流向影响银行经营业绩,从而揭示了股权结构影响银行绩效的作用途径和机制。本文的研究为银行公司治理与银行绩效之间关系提供了新的证据,同时对于加强我国城市商业银行的贷款风险控制、防范金融风险和加强金融安全也具有重要的现实意义。     

货币政策、金融关联与民营企业信贷融资（下）

本文以我国民营上市公司为样本．从银行贷款的比率、期限和成本三个方面研究了金融关联对民营企业信贷融资的影响。实证研究发现：金融关联有助于延长民营企业的贷款期限和降低其贷款成本：作为两种不同形式的金融关联．银行关联和非银行金融关联之间不存在显著的相互替代关系,但二者在缓解民营企业信贷融资约束中存在一定程度的互补效应：非银行金融关联是民营上市公司最主要的金融关联形式,并且在缓解民营企业信贷融资约束方面比银行关联更有效;货币紧缩时期。金融关联能够延长民营企业的贷款期限．但不能有效缓解民营企业在贷款比率和贷款成本上面临的融资约束。     

浅析银行治理结构与信贷资源配置

本文研究了中央及地方政府对五大国有商业银行、全国性股份制银行和城市商业银行的控制意图和控制能力的差异,并讨论了这些差异对信贷资源配置效率的影响。本文以中小板和创业板上市公司的借款合同为样本,研究了三类银行在贷款定价过程中如何看待企业的所有制和违约风险。研究发现,五大行与城商行都会给国有企业显著更低的利率,在贷款给国有企业的时候也不会去关注其盈利能力和偿债能力等指标。与此相对照,上市股份制银行给国有企业和非国有企业的利率水平没有显著差异。虽然上市股份制银行同样不关注国企的负债率,但对于国企的盈利能力的要求明显更严格。对于非国有企业,三类银行都表现出了非常高的市场化程度。     

金融支持农村电子商务发展的调查与思考——以湖南省桃江县为例

互联网+时代的到来给农村电子商务发展带来了新的机遇与挑战。本文通过研究当前县域农村电子商务的发展现状,剖析县域金融支持农村电商发展实践,发现金融支持农村电商发展中存在电商自身实力较弱、限制金融机构贷款介入、金融产品和服务创新不足、缺乏适合农村电商特色的信贷产品、农村电商呈分散化发展、业务经营风险控制难度较大、农村金融生态环境较差以及银行贷款持谨慎态度等问题,并对此提出相关建议。     

银行信贷视角破解小微企业融资难题研究

小微企业融资难主要表现为贷款难,尤其对于目前还不能满足银行贷款准入条件但又需要银行贷款的企业而言。在信贷融资仍属于我国中小企业融资最重要和最主流渠道的背景下,破解小微企业融资难题离不开商业银行的介入与支持,但仅靠银行的力量难以全面解决问题,还需要政府、银行监管者、金融中介、企业自身等多方面的共同努力。     

政府干预下的城市商业银行风险行为

本文利用中国80家城市商业银行共242个样本观测值考察了不同环境下地方政府干预如何影响城市商业银行的风险行为。城市商业银行的地域性以及信贷资源的稀缺性导致当地政府部门为了达到其经济目标对银行进行干预,研究发现,政府干预会增加银行风险,特别是政府作为股东时,这种不利影响更加严重。在检验地方政府干预作用的同时,本文对银行所在地区外部环境的差异进行的研究发现,政府规模越大的地区,其总体的风险较小,并且风险随着金融发展水平的提高而增加。因此,外部环境的差异也影响到政府干预的风险效应。     

制度环境对会计准则执行的影响研究

本文以2007～2009年沪深A股上市公司数据为研究样本,实证检验了制度环境对会计准则执行的影响。选取地区市场化程度、法律保护、政府干预以及社会资本水平作为制度环境因素解释变量,以盈余管理水平和会计信息披露评级作为会计准则执行效果的替代变量。研究结果表明,地区市场化水平越高、法律保护越好、政府干预越少、社会资本水平越高,则该地区上市公司的会计信息质量越高,从而会计准则在该地区的执行效果就越好。     

The influence of accounting enforcement on earnings quality of banks: Implications of bank regulation and the global financial crisis

We study the effects of country-level accounting enforcement on earnings quality of banks and whether bank regulation substitutes or complements the effect of accounting enforcement on bank earnings quality. We also examine whether the influence of accounting enforcement on bank earnings quality changed after the global financial crisis. Using a sample of listed banks from 40 countries between 2001 and 2014, and abnormal loan loss provisions (ALLP) as our main proxy for earnings quality, we document a consistent and strong association between accounting enforcement and bank earnings quality. More specifically, an increase in accounting enforcement decreases the level of ALLP and decreases the propensity to manage earnings to avoid losses. Furthermore, we provide empirical evidence that bank regulation complements the effect of accounting enforcement on bank earnings quality. Finally, unlike in the pre-crisis period, we find a positive association between accounting enforcement and income-decreasing ALLP in the post-crisis period, which indicates that stronger accounting enforcement is associated with more conservative earnings and higher loan loss reserves. Overall, our results indicate that accounting enforcement reduces opportunistic earnings management.     

Banking industry volatility and economic growth

Utilizing the recent dynamic panel GMM estimation techniques for 36 markets, this research investigates the relationship between banking industry volatility and future economic growth, and provides empirical evidence complementary to Cole et al. (2008) who examine the finance-growth nexus from a unique asset pricing theory perspective and document a positive relationship between bank stock returns and future economic growth that is significantly influenced by a series of country-specific and banking institutional characteristics. We find that the negative link between banking industry volatility and future economic growth is significantly affected by government ownership of banks, the enforcement of the insider trading law, systemic banking crises, and bank accounting disclosure standards, while the impact of financial development is ambiguous. The significant results are primarily driven by the data from emerging markets.     

银行业竞争、融资约束与企业创新——中国工业企业的经验证据

本文将1998-2007年中国工业企业数据、专利申请数据与银监会公布的金融许可证数据相匹配,考察银行业竞争影响企业创新的内在机制。结果发现,竞争的加剧通过缓解企业面临的融资约束,从而提升其创新能力。在弱化内生性问题和一系列稳健性检验后,上述结果仍然稳健。进一步研究发现,外部融资依赖度较高的企业,中小、民营企业,以及位于市场化水平高和法治环境好的地区的企业,银行业竞争通过缓解融资约束促进其创新的效应更加明显。此外,本文还发现股份制银行和城商行的竞争能更好地推动企业创新。因此,建立健全多层次、多元化的金融体系,能有效缓解企业创新的融资困境,激发创新活力。     

存款保险、市场竞争与银行经营稳健性

本文基于银行存款市场空间竞争模型,探讨存款保险制度的实施效果和福利效应,及其与市场竞争政策的交互作用。研究表明,政府隐性担保尽管能够保障存款人利益,但会降低存款人对银行经营稳健性的要求,使得银行追求高风险高收益资产从而降低经营稳健性;而市场化的存款保险制度通过费率与风险挂钩的激励机制,能够有效提升银行经营稳健性,同时避免过高政策成本负担,实现较高的社会福利水平。随着市场竞争强化,引入风险差别费率保险制度,在提升银行经营稳健性和增进社会福利方面的效果逐渐增强。模型分析表明,当长期允许机构自由进出市场时,政府强化竞争政策短期可能降低银行的经营稳健性,但长期内高风险银行逐渐退出市场而更有效率的低风险银行进入市场,这种柔性市场退出机制使得银行业整体经营稳健性增强。因此,在金融市场中强化竞争政策,推行并完善当前市场化的风险差别费率存款保险制度,长期内有助于在保护存款人利益的同时,提升银行稳健性和社会福利。     

Accounting Quality and Loan Pricing: The Effect of Cross-country Differences in Legal Enforcement

This study examines whether the strength of legal enforcement at the country level plays a role in the value-relevance of accounting quality for loan pricing determination, using an international sample of firms reporting under IFRS. The underlying hypothesis is that stronger vs. weaker enforcement should affect the informativeness of financial statements, due to their increased credibility, and thus results in a stronger influence of accounting quality on loan pricing, in case this information is considered more reliable by potential lenders. Evidence indicates that accounting quality is consequential for the determination of loan spread only in combination with the level of legal enforcement, and this only holds for the countries with stronger legal enforcement. This evidence indicates that financial statement quality information is value-relevant and has a significant impact on the determination of loan pricing only if this information is considered to be credible enough by loan providers in a country, and this is the case when legal enforcement is stronger.     

政府财政激励、税收征管动机与企业盈余管理——以财政"省直管县"改革为自然实验的研究

政府对企业利润享有征税权,事实上是几乎所有企业的最大的中小股东,因此有动机对企业进行严格的税收征管,进而影响公司治理。本文以1998-2006年中国工业企业为样本,以财政“省直管县”改革为自然实验,从企业盈余管理的角度对此进行了考察。研究发现:财政“省直管县”改革能够显著抑制县辖区内企业的盈余管理行为,并且仅对具有征管权限的企业发挥作用;同时,当县级政府财政状况较差和税基较大时,财政“省直管县”对辖区内企业盈余管理行为的抑制作用更强,表明财政“省直管县”改革能够激励县级政府加强税收征管,进而改善辖区内企业盈余质量。更进一步地,本文还发现财政“省直管县”改革能够抑制企业逃税,提升县级政府财政收入。本文的研究不仅丰富了政府行为影响公司治理方面的文献,同时也为财政“省直管县”如何缓解县级政府财政困难提供了微观证据。     

Affiliates’ Bank Debt Policy: Does Parent Firm Nationality Matter?

This paper examines whether and how bank debt is affected by foreign group affiliation. Ceteris paribus, affiliates of foreign business groups only use about half as much bank debt compared to affiliates of domestic groups. Further, the results indicate that geographical and cultural distance between parent and affiliate countries raise barriers when accessing bank financing. The bank debt usage decreases even further if affiliates and parent firms depend on different legal systems or the degree of legal enforcement in the parent firm's country is low.     

Ownership concentration and bank risk: international study on acquisitions

This paper explores the effects of different types of bank ownership concentration on changes in bank risk during acquisition years. Using multi-country data from 2000 to 2006, during which market failures caused by various crises and government interventions are less influential to acquisition decisions, we collect 505 banking acquisition deals from 23 countries to examine which type of ownership concentration (such as financial intermediary, capital investor, non-financial, and state ownership) brings larger changes to an acquirer’s risk from pre-acquisition year to post-acquisition year (including non-performing loans, capital adequacy ratio, loan loss reserve, and credit rating). The empirical analyses show that acquirer banks with a concentration of shares owned by financial intermediaries and non-financial firms experience larger risk changes during acquisition years. In contrast, the risk changes of acquirer banks with a concentration of capital investors and state ownership are lower. Robustness checks from the random effect estimation, instrumental variables model, reverse causality, and different subsamples of (non-)U.S. or different levels of regulation enforcement confirm these results.     

POLICY PAPER: The Technical Process of Bank Privatization in Mexico

This paper describes the process of Mexican bank privatization that took place in 1991. We show that the Mexican government was very careful to ensure due process and transparency through the entire bank privatization process. However, the lack of a legal and regulatory framework and lax oversight shadowed the success of the technical process. Hence, the financial system in Mexico had to deal with a banking crisis shortly after their privatization, in 1994.