国外国有银行改革模式及其启示

国有银行改革没有标准的模式照搬，各国采取的模式互不相同。然而，国有银行改革不管采取私有化还是国有控股上市银行或其他模式，只有同时培育良好公司治理结构和良好微观经营机制，改革才能成功，这对目前我国国有银行的改革具有重要的参考价值。     

中国国有银行改革的理论与实践问题

当前对国有银行改革的讨论应立足于其初始条件,国有独资银行与商业银行不相容,国有银行具有特殊的职能边界———金融支持国家经济增长;在我国特定的历史阶段,国有银行改革应遵循两种截然相异的路径:完全的股份制或国有独资,而国有控股将导致较高的道德风险;机构利益的独立性并非国有银行的专有问题,通过激励机制设计应该保持国有独资银行的利益从属于中央政府的经济金融政策;国有银行的分支机构和人力资源在不同的改革思路下会具有“历史包袱”和“历史财富”的或然双重性质,关键在于能否从时间序列上观察银行绩效;银行改革成本只能是因支持经济增长和经济体制改革所付出的代价,这一代价的跨期承担优于即期摊销。     

俄罗斯国有银行：优势地位、私有化及启示

俄罗斯国有银行在改革之始就实行了股份制商业化改造,已经基本上具备了较为现代的公司治理机制,其管理和经营效率包括资产和资本收益率较国内的其他股份制和私人银行还要好些,但国家支持的优势地位及由此形成的国有银行垄断问题依然成为银行服务市场发展公平有效的竞争环境的阻碍。国有银行私有化已经成为俄银行部门发展战略的重要内容。     

银行产业组织演变趋势与国有银行改革的路径选择

主要市场经济国家银行业出现的集中和规模扩张演变趋势对我国国有银行改革具有重要的启示.中国银行业改革的核心是银行产业组织效率的提升,国有银行体制转轨的路径选择应该是股权多元化的产权结构改革和放开行业管制的市场结构改革并重的综合改革.当前银行业应该全面对内资(特别是民间投资者)开放,对外资的开放须循序渐进.     

越南银行业改革：措施、成效、启示

为了提升银行体系的效率,越南对银行业采取了国有银行重组、取消私人资本进入银行业的限制、扩大银行业的对外开放、建立存款保险制度等多方面的改革措施。通过改革,越南银行业形成了国有控股商业银行、私人股份制银行、外资银行、合资银行并存的多层次的市场竞争局面,银行体系的效率和稳定性得以提升和增强。     

国有商业银行上市分立式重组最有效

国有银行整体上市的改革思路是：打破目前四大国有商业银行的国有独资局面，全面实行产权多元化或银行股份制改造，完善国有银行的企业治理结构，实现国有独资银行整体上市，从而建立中国现代银行制度。持这种观点有两方面的原因：一是从国际     

国家控股与上市银行公司治理研究

金融是现代经济的核心,银行是金融的重要组成部分。我国三大国有银行陆续改制上市,标志着我国银行业的改革已经进入深水区,其成败关系到我国金融乃至整个经济改革的全局,意义重大。我们注意到大型商业银行的股份制改造是以国家绝对控股为前提的,由于银行业的特殊性和我国转轨经济的特点,可以预见,这种制度安排在相当长的时间不会改变,研究在这种条件下商业银行的公司治理对我国银行的改革就有非常突出的现实意义。本文认为,当前我国银行业的改革关键是要建立适应国家控股的公司治理机制,尤其是要建立起有效的监督机制,而银行职工的监督作用特别应该加强。     

外资银行冲击显现,银行业同质化竞争加剧

随着市场化改革的深入和全面对外开放，银行业市场竞争主体由原来几大国有银行与中小股份制银行为主的二维主体，演变为国有控股大银行、中小股份制银行、城市商业银行、外资银行在内的四维主体．竞争对手实力明显增强．各银行之间的业务、市场争夺日趋加剧，银行业同质化竞争不断升级。     

国有银行引资过程中的控制权租金研究

目前，主流的观点认为引进外资战略投资者有助于推动国有银行改革，但我们在引入模型分析的结果却是：当国有银行的控制权租金大到可以补偿控股风险成本和股权交易成本时，引进外资与非国有两类股资后所形成的三方制衡体系是不稳定的．被打破的国有股一股独大的局面可能被新的股权集中模式所替代，而外资战略投资者更可能寻求获得银行的控制权，并造成银行价值额外的损失。引进战略投资者推动国有银行改革成功的关键在于消除国有银行特殊的垄断地位、降低国有银行的控制权租金。     

整合资源 完善机制 努力提升 浙江省农业银行综合竞争力

随着我国金融业全面对外开放过渡期最后期限的临近,国内银行业特别是国有商业银行均加快了股份制改造的步伐,目前中国银行和中国建设银行已基本完成财务重组并转变为股份制公司,交通银行引进了战略投资者,中国工商银行和中国农业银行也正在加快内部改革,为下一步股份制改造作准备.股份制改造无疑为国有银行完善公司治理结构、深化内部改革提供了更加充分的条件,但改制、上市只是手段,改革的目的是从根本上转换经营机制,把银行办成真正的现代银行,提高银行的发展能力、竞争能力和抗风险能力.     

Dual-class share structure and innovation

Using a sample of dual-class firms matched with single-class firms possessing similar antitakeover protection, we find a positive association between disproportionate insider control and patent output, quality, creativity, research and development efficiency, and chief executive officer innovative risk taking. We also find, however, that the positive effects of disproportionate control on innovation are concentrated in financially constrained firms and firms in highly competitive industries, and that the positive effects dissipate within 10 years after the initial public offering. Most important, the positive effect of dual-class structures for innovation is conditional on the presence of innovative insiders in the firm. These findings imply that entrenchment through concentrated control in the hands of uniquely innovative corporate insiders provides a positive environment for innovativeness beyond the entrenchment effects of alternative antitakeover measures.     

市场结构与技术创新研究述评

在高新技术产业发展条件下，垄断不会带来垄断高价，不会损害消费者利益，不会使技术进步停滞。相反，垄断企业将追求技术进步和实行低价格的竞争策略，增加消费者剩余；全球经济一体化将使各国对国内垄断的限制日益减弱，垄断企业的发展甚至是一国参与国际竞争的必备条件。因此，当前我国的产业组织政策要致力于反对行政性垄断，鼓励经济性垄断，重点是要建立产业发展的一般性竞争规则。     

调整结构创新模式:清洁发展的核心理念

兴业银行行长李仁杰说: 银行在贷款上要考虑环境和社会问题 关于清洁发展,有两个问题是银行必须要思考的,一是如何履行企业的社会责任,二是公司的发展如何符合于社会经济的发展.     

Vertical structure and innovation: A study of the SoC and smartphone industries

This article studies how vertical integration and upstream R&D subsidy affect innovation and welfare in vertically separated industries. I formulate a dynamic structural model of a dominant upstream firm and oligopolistic downstream firms that invest in complementary innovations. I estimate the model using data on the System-on-Chip (SoC) and smartphone industries. The results suggest that a vertical merger can increase innovation and welfare, mainly driven by the investment coordination of the merged firms. I also find that subsidizing the upstream innovation increases overall private investment, innovation, and welfare.     

Converting preference shares: An Australian capital structure innovation

Converting preference shares (prefs) are a hybrid security involving mandatory conversion into a fixed value of ordinary shares (although some issues have an option-like conversion value payoff). This paper explains how prefs can be viewed as equivalent to an ordinary share issue plus a swap contract between “old” and “new” shareholders. This perspective is used to illustrate why prefs financing may be chosen when significant information asymmetries exist between management and outside investors. Other factors motivating the use of prefs are examined and their relevance for particular issuers and for the specific design of prefs securities analysed.     

论技术创新制度结构的核心功能及其实现机制

技术创新是制度结构，就是促进技术创新的各种具有不同地位和作用的正式制度和非正式制度耦合而成的制度体系，尽管不同制度安排在技术创新活动中的功能和作用各异，但技术创新制度结构的核心功能是解决技术创新的激励问题，即为技术创新活动提供持久，稳定的激励是技术创新制度结构的核心功能，而这一核心功能的实现是通过不同制度安排降低技术创新活动中的交易成本，减少技术创新的外部性等次一级功能实现的。     

Governance and innovation

I examine the relation between the presence of governance provisions and corporate innovation for a sample of firms between 1984 and 1997. I find a positive relation between four proxies for innovation and the broad Gompers, Ishii, and Metrick (2003) Index. However, in subsample analyses, I find that only those provisions that officers and directors actively adopt are positively related to innovation; coverage by state-level antitakeover legislation is typically unassociated or negatively associated with innovation. The evidence suggests that it is the visibility of officers and directors' actions rather than the potency of the takeover protection that best explains the observed pattern.     

Rent-seeking and innovation

Innovations and their adoption are the keys to growth and development. Innovations are less socially useful, but more profitable for the innovator, when they are adopted slowly and the innovator remains a monopolist. For this reason, rent-seeking, both public and private, plays an important role in determining the social usefulness of innovations. This paper examines the political economy of intellectual property, analyzing the trade-off between private and public rent-seeking. While it is true in principle that public rent-seeking may be a substitute for private rent-seeking, it is not true that this results always either in less private rent-seeking or in a welfare improvement. When the public sector itself is selfish and behaves rationally, we may experience the worst of public and private rent-seeking together.     

“双创”背景下的金融服务创新之路

在“2016中国金融论坛”上，全国社会保障基金理事会副理事长王忠民、中国人民银行原副行长、中国金融会计学会会长马德伦，中国人民银行金融市场司副司长邹澜围绕“金融创新服务助力‘双创’引擎”的话题分享了自己的观点。     

Banking deregulation and innovation

We document empirical support for a key micro-level channel—innovation by young, private firms—through which financial sector deregulation affects economic growth. We find that intrastate banking deregulation, which increased the local market power of banks, decreased the level and risk of innovation by young, private firms. In contrast, interstate banking deregulation, which decreased the local market power of banks, increased the level and risk of innovation by young, private firms. These contrasting effects on innovation also translated into contrasting effects on economic growth. Our study suggests that the nature of financial sector deregulation crucially affects its potential benefits to the real economy.