利率市场化对债务融资成本的影响研究 ——基于东部地区的企业数据

利率市场化改革对提高我国货币政策传导效率有重要意义.本文通过构建复合利率市场化指数,探究利率市场化对企业债务融资成本的影响,并结合所有权属性及企业规模深入研究利率市场化带来的差异化影响.研究发现,一是发达地区企业总体债务融资成本与利率市场化程度负相关,即利率市场化的推进有助于改善企业融资环境;二是国有企业债务融资成本受利率市场化的影响程度显著低于非国有企业;三是利率市场化对中小企业债务融资成本的短期影响很小,未来中小企业的融资难题将得到较大改变.     

金融生态环境、银行关联与债务融资——基于我国民营企业的实证研究

本文以我国2004-2008年583个A股民营上市公司样本为研究对象,实证研究了银行关联与债务融资的关系。我们的研究发现:银行关联有助于民营企业获得更多的长期借款增量,同时降低了企业的短期借款增量,从而导致长期借款占总借款的比重更高。在金融生态环境好的地区中,银行关联与企业债务融资并不存在显著的关系;但在金融生态环境差的地区中,银行关联有助于民营企业获得更多的长期借款增量,并显著影响企业的债务期限结构。进一步将银行关联区分为高层银行关联与低层银行关联,发现不同层级的银行关联与债务融资的关系也存在不同。     

担保物权制度改革降低了企业债务融资成本吗?——来自中国《物权法》自然实验的经验证据

本文运用双重差分法考察以《物权法》出台为标志的担保物权制度改革是否降低了企业的债务成本。实证结果显示,《物权法》出台后,与固定资产占比较高的企业相比,固定资产占比较低企业的债务成本显著降低。进一步,与《物权法》出台通过扩大可抵押资产范围、加强债权人保护等渠道降低企业债务成本的经济直觉一致,三重差分检验结果表明,担保物权制度改革对企业债务成本的降低作用表现出丰富差异性:其一,与法律制度环境较好地区相比,《物权法》对企业债务成本的降低作用在法律制度环境较差地区相对更大;其二,与金融市场化程度较高地区相比,《物权法》对企业债务成本的降低作用在金融市场化程度较低地区相对更大;其三,与融资约束较弱企业相比,对于融资约束较强的企业而言,《物权法》对债务成本的降低作用相对更强。这些基于中国经济实践的经验证据识别并揭示出了担保物权制度改革促使企业债务成本下降的作用机理,从而对有效缓解企业融资难、融资贵等问题具有借鉴意义。     

利率市场化改革降低了上市公司债务融资成本吗？

本文以沪深两市A股上市公司为样本,检验了利率市场化对上市公司债务融资成本的影响。研究发现:随着利率市场化进程的推进,上市公司债务融资成本逐渐降低;随着利率市场化程度提高,没有内部资本市场的上市公司债务融资成本会下降更快。本文的发现为宏观经济政策如何影响微观企业行为提供新的经验证据,并为研究内部资本市场与外部资本市场的互动关系提供新的视角。     

如何治理企业脱实向虚？——基于利率市场化改革的效用识别、异质性特征与机制检验

借助2007-2017年沪深两市A股上市公司数据,检验利率市场化对企业金融化的影响。研究发现：利率市场化能够有效治理企业的脱实向虚行为,且对不同状态企业的金融化行为有较强的异质性影响。机制研究表明,利率市场化能够降低企业债务融资成本,提升企业财务稳定性,这有助于驱动企业降低金融化水平。在现有范式基础上嵌入银行业发展因素,发现只有在较好的银行业发展基础上,利率市场化驱动企业去金融化的作用才能有效释放。为此,我国应进一步完善利率市场化的体制机制,针对不同经济主体提供差异化的政策支持,疏通利率市场化的传导渠道,从而抑制企业的脱实向虚倾向。     

绿色金融政策会提高企业债务融资成本吗？

“十四五”规划纲要明确提出，要加快发展方式绿色转型，构建绿色发展政策体系，大力发展绿色金融。本文基于2017年我国建立绿色金融改革创新试验区的政策冲击，使用双重差分法考察绿色金融试点政策对企业债务融资成本的影响。结果表明：(1)在绿色金融试点政策实施后，实验组企业的债务融资成本显著上升；(2)企业较高的绿色技术创新水平与环境信息披露质量能够缓解绿色金融政策对债务成本的影响；(3)融资约束程度较高的企业在绿色金融试点政策实施后，债务融资成本上升更为显著。本文为继续深化绿色金融改革、促进经济结构绿色转型提供了经验证据和政策启示。     

市场化水平、宏观经济周期与资本结构关系的实证研究——基于融资约束的差异性分析

本文以1998～2013年中国不同地区制造业上市公司为样本,研究宏观经济条件与地区市场化水平对上市公司资本结构调整的影响.融资约束条件不同的企业在不同的宏观经济周期阶段和不同的市场化水平上具有不同的表现.实证结果表明:在宏观经济衰退时,融资渠道变窄导致融资约束型企业降低资产负债率,而非融资约束型企业则由于代理成本等因素的影响更倾向于债务融资而提高资产负债率;市场化水平的提高则促使企业更加倾向于减少债务融资而提高股权融资权重,但调整的幅度存在差异.宏观经济因素在企业的融资决策中是重要因素,不同市场化水平下的资本结构在宏观经济条件冲击下具有不同的表现.     

贷款利率市场化对企业财务脆弱性的影响研究

金融稳定是国民经济健康有序发展的重要保障,企业财务脆弱性是金融不稳定的主要根源.本文将利率市场化与金融稳定的关系作为切入点,分析并检验贷款利率下限放开对2007-2018年间沪深两市非金融企业财务脆弱性的影响.研究发现:(1)贷款利率下限放开显著降低了企业庞氏融资发生概率,说明贷款利率市场化有助于缓解企业财务脆弱性,且该效应在非国有企业中更强.(2)从影响途径看,贷款利率市场化通过降低企业负债水平、长期借款占比和有息负债占比,缓解企业财务的脆弱性.(3)贷款利率市场化对有资金缺口、商业信用低、营收规模小但能够盈利企业财务脆弱性的缓解效应更强.本文研究提供了贷款利率市场化微观经济效应正外部性的经验证据,既是对利率市场化宏观经济后果的有益补充,也丰富了有关企业财务脆弱性影响因素的文献,为央行完善贷款市场报价利率形成机制和银行监管部门强化金融监管,提供了一些新的理论和实践参考依据.     

高管文化背景与企业债务成本——基于劳模文化的视角

目前,文化对各种经济活动影响的研究日益增加,但有关文化对债务契约的研究才刚刚起步.本文在既有高管文化背景的研究成果基础上,从劳模文化的视角切入,基于精神利益和物质利益动机,考察高管的劳动模范身份对企业债务成本的影响及机理.结果 表明:高管劳模身份有助于降低债务成本.进一步考察融资环境的影响并发现,在市场化程度更高和金融生态环境更好的地区该效应被削弱,表明劳模文化对正式制度规范企业经济运行产生了替代效应.机制检验发现,高管劳模身份通过降低资金供需双方的信息不对称和提供声誉担保来降低债务成本.最后,在排除金融关联和政治关联的影响后,本文发现高管劳模身份对债务成本的降低效应依然显著.     

金融生态环境、审计意见与债务融资成本

本文旨在研究金融生态环境、审计意见对于上市公司债务融资成本的影响。以2006—2009年1555家中国A股上市公司为样本,实证发现,良好的金融生态环境有助于上市公司获得较低成本的债务融资,民营上市公司承担了比国有上市公司显著更高的债务融资成本,而金融生态环境的改善有助于降低这种信贷融资成本差异。同时,被出具非标审计意见的上市公司相比获得标准审计意见的上市公司具有显著更高的债务融资成本,并且无论是对国有企业抑或民营企业来说,良好的金融生态环境都有助于增强审计意见的风险揭示功能。研究结果表明,在我国良好的金融生态环境以及外部审计监督有助于增强债务融资的市场化定价,提高信贷资源的配置效率。     

Trade-off Model of Debt Maturity Structure

In this paper, we suggest the trade-off model to explain the choice of debt maturity. This model is based on balancing between risk and reward of using shorter-term loans. Shorter-term loans have cost advantage over, but incur higher refinancing and interest rate risk than longer-term loans. Using the Compustat data, we show that the principal components of financial attributes are financial flexibility and financial strength. Therefore, only firms with greater financial flexibility and financial strength can use proportionately more short-term loans. We also document that financially strong firms take advantage of lower interest rates of short-term debt. They use proportionately more short-term loans when the term premium is high. The results of our study also provide evidence supporting the agency cost hypothesis, which is strongly supported by current literature.     

CEO inside debt and corporate debt maturity structure

This paper examines the relation between chief executive officer (CEO) inside debt holdings and corporate debt maturity. We provide robust evidence that inside debt has a positive effect on short-maturity debt and that this effect is concentrated in financially unconstrained firms that face lower refinancing risk. Our analysis further shows that CEO inside debt helps reduce the cost of debt financing. Overall, our results indicate that managerial holdings of inside debt facilitate access to external debt financing and reduce refinancing risk, thus incentivizing managers to use less costly shorter term debt.     

The Choice of Debt Source by UK Firms

We examine the choice of borrowing source among public debt, syndicated bank loans, bilateral bank loans and non‐bank private debt. Using a sample of 400 non‐financial firms over the period 2000–2012, we find strong support for the reputational theory of borrowing source. Larger firms are more likely to borrow in public debt markets. Bank dependent firms are less likely to borrow in public debt markets and choose between bank and non‐bank private debt based on maturity, collateral available to lenders and other firm characteristics. These results are consistent with the role of borrower reputation being the primary determinant of borrowing source for UK listed firms.     

Accruals Quality and Debt Maturity Structure

In this paper we use panel data and GMM estimation to examine the effect of accounting quality on debt maturity structure in a bank‐based financial system and show that, even after controlling for unobservable heterogeneity, endogeneity, variables reflecting operating volatility and the cost of debt, firms with poor accounting quality face a shorter debt term than firms with higher accounting quality. This association between accounting quality and debt maturity is consistent with accounting quality as a means of reducing information asymmetry problems and improving the monitoring of managers.     

How successful are banking sector reforms in emerging market economies? Evidence from impact of monetary policy on levels and structures of firm debt in India

Many emerging markets have undertaken significant financial sector reforms, especially in their banking sectors, that are critical for both financial development and real economic activity. In this paper, we investigate the success of banking reforms in India where significant banking reforms were implemented during the 1990s. Using the argument that well-functioning credit markets would reflect a credit channel for monetary policy at work, we test whether a change in monetary policy has a predictable impact on borrowing behaviour of several types of firms, including business group affiliated, unaffiliated private firms, state-owned firms and foreign firms. The empirical results suggest that unaffiliated private firms have the most vulnerable to monetary policy stance during tight policy regimes. We also find that during tight monetary policy regimes, bank credit of smaller firms is more sensitive to changes in the interest rate than that of large firms. In an easy money regime, monetary policy and the associated change in interest rate does not affect change in bank credit, change in total debt and the proportion of bank credit in total debt for any of the firms. We discuss the policy implications of the findings.     

An empirical analysis of corporate debt maturity structure

This paper provides an empirical investigation of the maturity structure of corporate debt. A dynamic model is estimated by GMM estimation procedure using data for an unbalanced panel of 429 non-financial UK firms over the period of 1983–96. The evidence provides strong support for the hypotheses that firms with more growth opportunities in their investment sets tend to have more shorter-term debt and firm size exerts a negative impact on debt maturity structure. The results also support the maturity-matching hypothesis that firms match the maturity structure of their debt to the maturity of their assets. There is less support for the view that firms use their debt maturity structure to signal information to the market. We do not find evidence for a negative correlation between taxes and debt maturity. Our results also suggest that firms have long-term target ratios and they adjust to the target ratio relatively fast, which might indicate that the costs of being away from target ratios are significant for firms.     

减税政策对小微企业债务期限结构的影响

本文主要探讨减税政策对小微企业债务期限结构的影响。理论上,减税政策对企业债务期限结构产生两种方向相反的效果:一是减税后企业盈利状况改善,激励银行通过延长债务期限以争取企业客户;二是减税后企业可支配现金流增加,加剧银行与企业间的委托代理问题,促使银行缩短债务期限以便加强企业监督。本文以所得税减半征收政策作为自然实验,基于全国税收调查数据库(2010-2015)考察了减税政策对小微企业债务期限结构的影响。实证结果显示:减税后企业的债务期限整体得以延长;如果减税后企业的盈利状况改善更多,或可支配现金流增长更缓,企业债务期限延长幅度更大。此外,本文发现在快速扩张行业、有产能过剩风险行业以及房地产上下游关联行业中的企业往往会因为较强的代理成本效应而面临减税后债务期限的边际缩短。本文研究结论对改善企业融资结构,特别对提高小微企业获取中长期贷款能力,有一定的参考意义。     

The impact of financial reporting quality on debt maturity: the case of private firms

We examine whether the debt maturity structure of privately held firms is associated with the quality of their earnings numbers. We argue that earnings numbers that are better able to predict future cash flows lower information asymmetry between privately held firms and their creditors, improving privately held firms’ access to long-term debt. Furthermore, we examine whether the relationship between privately held firms’ earnings quality and their debt maturity differs between small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and larger privately held firms. Using detailed financial statement information from a sample of privately held Belgian firms, we find that earnings quality is positively associated with the likelihood of having long-term debt and with the proportion of long-term debt in total debt. Further, we report evidence that these associations are more pronounced for SMEs than for larger privately held firms, which is consistent with smaller firms entailing more fundamental risk for creditors.     

The cost of debt when all-equity firms raise sfinance: The role of investment opportunities, audit quality and debt maturity

This paper investigates the effect of investment opportunities, audit quality and debt maturity on the interest paid by all-equity firms. Debt holders are likely to charge higher interest to price-protect themselves because of the under-investment and asset substitution problems. All-equity firms, however, could reduce interest charge by employing Big 4 auditors to increase the reliability of audited financial statements or using short-term debt to allow more frequent monitoring of their financial condition by lenders and re-pricing of debt. The results show that interest charge is positively related to investment opportunities of all-equity firms. This relationship is weaker when the firms have Big 4 auditors or a higher proportion of debt due in the next year over total debt. In addition, the above results do not hold for highly levered firms since the lenders are constantly monitoring the financial condition of their borrowers.     

The Determinants of Debt Maturity Structure: Evidence from France,Germany and the UK

We examine the determinants of the debt maturity structure of French, German and British firms. These countries represent different financial and legal traditions that may have implications on corporate debt maturity structure. Our model incorporates the factors representing three major theories (tax considerations, liquidity and signalling, and contracting costs) of debt maturity. It also controls for capital market conditions. The results confirm the applicability of most theories of debt maturity structure for the UK firms. However, the evidence from France and Germany are mixed. Overall the findings suggest that the debt maturity structure of a firm is determined by firm‐specific factors and the country's financial systems and institutional traditions in which it operates.