纳税人权利保障制度的立法探讨

在税收法律关系中，由于征纳双方权利与义务的不对等性，使我国税收立法长期以来存在着重视纳税人的义务而内税人的权利的情况，这既不利于对纳税人合法权益的保护，也不利于国家财政收的实现，而且这种税收方法上的偏颇也不符合社会主义法治国家的客观要求，因此，通过对宪法的修正、制定税收基本法和完善税收程序法是建立纳税人权利保障制度的当务之急。     

试析《税收基本法》立法中应重点确立的税收基本原则

《税收基本法》已列入全国人大五年立法计划,确立和贯彻税收的基本原则是《税收基本法》立法的核心工作之一。为此,建议借鉴国内研究成果和国际经验,在《税收基本法》的立法工作中确立和贯彻税收法定主义原则、财政收入原则、税收公平原则、税收效率原则,并对相关税收原则的关系进行定位。     

税收法律制度改革建议

新时期税收法律制度存在的主要问题 (一)税收法律体系不完备。主要表现在:1、缺乏税收基本法。税收基本法应是以国家宪法为依据,按照税收工作的客观规律规定的基本原则、治税思想、税务机关和纳税人的权利义务、税收立法、执法和司法的有关问题,对其他各单行税收法律、法     

现代财政制度下的税收特征——税收“三性”释义

现代财政制度理论和实践要求重新认识税收特征这一基本理论问题。现代财政制度下,应从设税、征税、用税的全过程来理解税收"三性"。税收的强制性是对政府及征收机关、纳税人共同的强制,是国家和纳税人之间就公共服务与税收交换契约同意的强制。税收的无偿性是相对的,现代税收在实质和整体上是得到纳税人同意和认可的,是国家与纳税人之间的有偿交换。现代税收的固定性也是相对的,它体现着纳税人主体和纳税人权利保护,是以税收立法的民主性和科学性为保障的。税收"三性"是强制与自愿、无偿与有偿、固定与变动的辩证统一,税收"三性"之间由税收的法定性联结。税收"三性"源于税收是人们换取公共服务的支付,源于对国家与纳税人之间交换契约的维护,源于对"取之于民、用之于民"的信任和承诺,源于"无代表不纳税"的纳税人税收主权准则。     

税收基本法的国际比较及经验启示

税收基本法作为税法体系中的一般法,对税收共同性问题进行规范,用来统领、约束、指导、协调各单行税法、法规。比较分析国外税收法律体系和税收基本法的主要内容,对我国税收基本法的立法规模与架构、适用范围及税收划分、基本原则与概念的规定、权利义务的规定等方面富有启示。     

依法治税的国际比较（下）

(一)对税收立法权限和程序等问题要有明确的法律规定。我国目前尚无税收立法权限和税收基本法,有关税收立法权限、立法程序等散见于各单行法律、法规中,这给税收立法工作带来诸多不便：一是对税收立法权限没有系统、明确的法律规定,各单项法律的有关规定往往不协调,     

加入WTO后我国税收政策调整展望

加入WTO要求我国税收政策对照WTO的原则要求进行适应性调整，在税收立法上，要尽快制定《税收基本法》，提高税收立法层次，抓紧税收程序立；在税收制度建设上，要对增值税，消费税，营业税，企业所得税，个人所得税和关税等进行改革或调整；在税收征管上，要强化管理，深化改革。     

构建和谐税收征纳关系的探讨

一、当前税收征纳关系不和谐的主要表现 （一）我国税收法制的不健全阻碍了税法的有效执行。目前，我国税收法制的缺陷主要表现在：一是税收法制不健全。我国现行税法中，只有四个法律是最高权力机笑立法的，应起税收母法作用的税收基本法还没有制定，其余法规都是全国人大及其常委会授权国务院制定的暂行条例，税收立法级次较低；     

关于经济增长与税收增长几个问题的思考

经济增长与税收增长呈正相关,但并不等于相关程度强;税收与经济应保持协调增长,而未必是同步增长。我们应力求实现税收的最优化而不是最多化。这需要我们辩证地分析税收负担与纳税人的承受能力以及纳税人负担重与财政吃紧的原因,正确把握和处理理论与实践、应然与实然、长远与短期、依法治税与完成税收计划任务之间的关系。     

评《税收征收管理法》

一部税收征收管理法,主要应解决什么问题?是解决税收立法权的划分问题?还是解决税务机关与纳税人之间的权利、义务关系问题?抑或是解决税务机关的内部管理问题?这是制定税收征收管理法首先必须解决的问题,也是评价一部税收征收管理法首先应当涉及的问题.完整地说,整个国家的税收管理包括立法管理、执法管理和司法管理.其中,立法管理和司法管理是整个国家立法体制和司法体制的组成部分,属于宪法应当确定的内容.执法管理包括征收管理和行政管理.前者主要解决税务机关与纳税人的权利、义务关系问题,后者主要解决税务机关的内部管理问题.根据这一认识,税收征收管理法的核心问题应当是税务机关与纳税人之间的权利、义务关系,而不是税收立法权的划分及税务机关的内部管理问题.……     

Almanac of anticipations: The age of affluence—of anticipation—of anxiety—of automation—of discontinuity—of longing—of overkill—of space exploration

With this survey of developments in the futures field since 1945, I.F. Clarke completes his present series for Futures. He makes two major points: that forecasting techniques have become essential tools in the management of change; and that nuclear weapons and ecological problems have added a moral dimension to the study of the future. In the next issue of Futures he will start a new series on the range of future-thinking in the USA, from the expectations of the first settlers to the Star Wars programme.     

基金公司经营融资融券业务的问题审视

融资融券业务正式运营已经开展,为证券市场带来了革命性的改革,作为证券市场的一大主体,基金公司面对融资融券也迎来了新的发展方向和挑战,本文从融资融券业务的运行机制入手,分析了基金公司融资融券的新契机,并对其即将面临的问题进行审视和剖析,进而提出策略建议.     

对基层人民银行科技工作的几点建议

银监会分设后,人民银行将专司货币政策、金融稳定、金融服务三大职能。作为人民银行的分支机构,基层人民银行的工作重心也将从金融监管调整到这三大职能上来。人民银行的科技部门,就要积极运用科技手段,为人民银行履行新的职能发挥“服务、支持、促进、发展”的作用。一、围绕三大职能搭建五大平台经过“六五打基础、七五作准备、八五大发展”几个阶段后,人民银行相继实现了核算电算化、清算网络化和办公信息化。特别是近一两年来,陆续开通了大额支付系统、信贷登记咨询系统、会计四集中系统、金融信息服务网站等系统,人民银行信息化水平又…     

社会主义所有制形式的改革、完善与共产党执政能力的提高

在中国,所有制形式的调整、改革与完善,先进生产力的发展,党的执政能力建设,是社会主义建设过程中密切结合在一起的三个不同层面的发展关系.应在相互促进和共同提高中促进社会的和谐发展,保证社会主义现代化建设战略目标的顺利实现.     

The Usefulness of Measures of Consistency of Discretionary Components of Accruals in the Detection of Earnings Management

Abstract:  Prior research has shown the prevalence of measurement error in models used to estimate aggregate discretionary accruals. In these models, the incremental information content of the various components of accruals is ignored. Limited prior research and data gathered from firms under Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) litigation indicate that managers use either one or more than one component of accruals simultaneously, in a consistent way to manipulate bottom-line earnings in a given direction. I propose two measures that capture the consistency between the discretionary components of accruals and test their significance in earnings management (EM) detection in firms that have artificially added accrual manipulation and firms that were targeted by the SEC for accrual manipulation. There is evidence that this information is incrementally useful in detecting EM. This finding paves the way for improvements in the discretionary accruals measure by including consistency information from the components of aggregate accruals.     

我国助学贷款改革刍议--"双担保"机制设计

国家新出台的助学贷款政策,还不过是既有的框架下的局部调整,存在诸多不完善的地方。为此,对国家助学贷款应构建高校与就业单位的“双担保”机制。从长期来看,要构建一个系统有效的“政府部门管理和商业银行运作相结合”、“多层次、多渠道、多方式”、“担保和非担保、贴息和非贴息、市场和非市场运作互相补充”的中国教育金融框架。     

Properties of time-series estimates of degree of leverage measures

Empirical studies suggest that time-series regression estimates of the degrees of operating and financial leverage have a tendency to produce measures less than one. According to ex ante theory, these measures should be greater than one for firms operating above the breakeven point. There have also been suggestions that the biases in these estimates may be attributable to an underlying increase in unit sales. This work presents evidence that these counter-intuitive measures are produced by changes in the firm's operating parameters (unit price, variable cost, fixed cost and interest payments). It further suggests that attempts to control for the underlying change in unit sales substantially increase the volatility of predicted estimates.     

浅议金融机构的举证责任

金融纠纷案件是当事人以存单或进账单、对账单、存款合同、保险单、票据、证券等凭证为主要证据向人民法院提出诉讼的案件,对于不同种类金融纠纷的当事人的举证责任,我国现行的金融法律、法规及司法解释有不同的规定。由于金融机构的特殊法律地位,发生金融纠纷时存在有关当事人将最后偿付风险转移给金融机构承担的主观故意,在客观上会使金融机构难以提供相应的证据来对抗不法债权人的诉讼请求,而导致金融机构败诉。为此,对金融诉讼案件中金融机构的举证责任加以研究具有重要的实践意义。     

人行县支行备份路由的解决方案

目前江苏省内人民银行各县(市)支行与其市中心支行的网络互联是通过专线经中国电信的x.25分组交换网实现的,没有其它备份线路,一旦线路或路由器出现故障,电子联行、银行信贷登记咨询、货币发行管理等业务系统就不能与中心支行的业务系统实现正常通信,这不仅会影响本行业务工作的正常进行,甚至可能会影响上级行业务系统的正常运行.针对这一问题我们首先想到的解决方法是,购买一个路由器作为备份路由器,再租用一条其它方式的远程连接线路作为备份线路,这样的备份设备费用至少15万～2万元.如果采用Windows 2000 Server(或者Windows NT Server 4.0),使用其免费提供的请求拨号路由服务,就能实现临时应急备份路由.下面对Windows2000的请求拨号路由及其安装配置做一详细说明.     

Summary of Results of Survey of Seminar Attendees

Abstract

The Society of Actuaries undertook a three-phase research project on mortality improvement in the three NAFTA countries: Canada, Mexico, and the U.S. Phase 1 consisted of a literature review of papers on projecting mortality levels in the future and a study of the trend in mortality improvement during this century. Phase 2 consisted of a discussion of different facets of modeling mortality rates at a seminar attended by 79 experts (actuaries, demographers, economists, and medical researchers) representing different countries. The last session of the seminar consisted of the completion of a survey by the attendees to obtain input for Phase 3, which would analyze the impact of mortality improvement on the social security system of each country. This paper summarizes the results of the survey.

The survey results illustrate the difficulty in forecasting mortality levels, because the effects of many factors that could have significant impact on mortality rates are unknown. This suggests the need for dynamic forecasting, which allows for the possibility of random shocks. A majority of the survey respondents believe that stochastic forecasting models, despite their complexity, have significant potential to add value. Respondents also believe that both historical data and cause-specific mortality forecasts are useful as input and also in validating forecasts of the aggregate levels of mortality. The challenge is to develop more sophisticated forecasting models to produce results that are relatively easy to interpret and to communicate these results to the desired audiences, including the public and policymakers.

The survey results suggest that the aggregate effect of lifestyle changes, medical advances, diseases, catastrophe, and physical environmental changes is an increase in life span. However, there is much uncertainty about the future. Respondents expect that beyond the year 2020 the mean annual rate of reduction in mortality for males age 65 and over will average about 0.58% for Canada, 0.76% for Mexico, and 0.67% for the U.S. The results for the female age 65 and over population are 0.64%, 0.83%, and 0.70%, respectively. The age 65 and over population is expected to see larger percentage reductions in mortality than the 0–14 and 15–64 populations. The reductions in male and female mortality will be ultimately the same, and the mortality levels in the three countries will ultimately converge, although differences may persist for decades.