流动性过剩下美国次贷危机的原因与借鉴

2007年美国的次贷危机展现了现代金融风险错综复杂的特征.反思危机,本文认为在流动性过剩背景下,为追求利润的持续快速增长,商业银行很容易出现过度竞争,放松信贷标准,盲目扩大贷款客户群体,追逐高风险、高收益的投资品种和业务创新.对照我国银行业面临的宏观形势,流动性过剩也是困扰我国商业银行持续盈利和发展的一个外在因素.因此,借鉴美国次贷危机,作者提出以下建议:密切关注客观经济形势;加强内控制度建设,强化审慎合规经营理念;高度重视住房抵押贷款的风险;加速资产证券化的试点和推广,有效分散信贷风险;切实做好风险防范,加强全面风险管理;严格信贷标准和要求等.     

美国次级抵押贷款危机对银行业改进的启示

美国次贷危机促使银行业积极应对房地产周期性调整,改进风险管理框架,进一步加强表外关联机构管理,优化区域布局.美国次贷危机对于中国银行业的警示作用大于直接影响.中国商业银行应当认识到房价快速上涨会掩盖大量的风险,应当重视房地产周期性调整风险,尤其是房地产信贷业务的信用风险、操作风险、政策性风险以及突发性事件引发的系统性风险,谨慎推进金融工具创新,专注于核心业务增长,优化区域布局,提高中国银行业的整体经营水平及抵御国内经济周期的实力,完善金融监管协调机制.     

抵押资产价值评估:机构、技术与法律环境

抵押贷款是近年来商业银行信贷的主要方式。然而,由于抵押品自身存在的风险以及银行在抵押品评估中的疏漏,抵押贷款难以收回所导致的银行危机屡见不鲜。因此,抵押品价值评估机构体系的建立和设置,以及各种评估技术的创新和评估系统法律环境的建立,成为缓释银行信用危机、降低银行信贷风险的关键。     

Mortgage risks,debt literacy and financial advice

A limited understanding of mortgage contracts and the risks involved may have contributed to the outbreak of the 2007–2008 financial crisis. We developed a special questionnaire relating mortgage loan decisions to financial knowledge and financial advice. Our results demonstrate that homeowners appear to be well aware of mortgage risks. Large loans relative to home value are perceived as riskier, as are loans with large mortgage payments relative to income and loans linked to investment vehicles. Homeowners with riskier mortgages indicated that they could encounter financial problems should house prices or their income decline. Homeowners with relatively low debt literacy are more likely to take out traditional mortgages with principal repayments over the maturity of the loan. Riskier mortgages are more prevalent among homeowners with a better understanding of loan contracts. Financially less sophisticated homeowners consulting mortgage brokers, too, hold riskier mortgages.     

住房抵押贷款提前还贷风险管理研究

从现代金融和风险管理角度看,住房抵押贷款提前还贷对商业银行是一种期权性风险,对其收取违约金并非国际惯例,也并不是有效的风险补偿方式。商业银行应适应市场竞争需要,接受风险转嫁并提供风险管理服务,运用风险定价技术在按揭交易价格中对提前还贷风险进行补偿。对于已承担的风险,商业银行应构建抵押贷款提前还贷的数据库,通过表内对冲和市场对冲,推出多样化的住房抵押贷款方式,积极推进住房抵押贷款证券化,从而最终增强银行的盈利来源和核心竞争力。     

The Economic Consequences of Banks’ Derivatives Use in Good Times and Bad Times

In a sample of 335 commercial banks, we do not detect a systematic effect on bank values from derivatives use in either the high growth period of 2003–2005 or the low growth period of 2007–2009. These findings apply to all types of derivatives including credit default swaps. Our results suggest that banks take a more balanced approach and restrict their derivative activities to providing derivative services for customers and risk management. We also find that the market disciplined banks significantly for taking TARP funds, indicating that receiving TARP funds was a signal that the banks were financially distressed. Lastly, we cannot discern valuation effects resulting from derivatives use even in large and poorly capitalized banks that are more likely to take risk-shifting opportunities. Collectively, we find no compelling evidence supporting the widespread allegation that derivatives use increased banks’ speculating behaviors and significantly contributed to the loss of value during the subprime mortgage crisis.     

对产业集群的信贷风险分析与控制

本文通过对产业集群潜在风险及案例分析,剖析银行对产业集群贷款的风险特征与分析方法,指引商业银行把握对产业集群的贷款政策,探究规避风险的措施。文章认为,如果银行对产业集群的风险状况不能很好把握,盲目投放贷款,无异于高风险的聚集。因此,商业银行应从把握贷款规模,限制授信总量;根据产业集群生命周期把握贷款投放期限,有效进行结构调整;严密监控,严防地区性金融风险等方面规避和防范这类风险。     

次贷危机、信息不对称和指数交易

次贷危机源于房价上涨停滞后的次贷及其衍生品市场的快速萎缩,信息不对称在危机爆发前风险累积阶段和危机后市场过度反应阶段都是关键因素.次贷及其衍生产品设计繁复且对房价系统性下跌高度敏感,次贷的衍生产品多在场外市场交易使得危机前相关信息未被充分披露.随着指数交易的陆续推出,如基于次债的ABX.HE指数和CME的房地产价格指数期货期权合约,使房价、次贷及其衍生产品的概括性信息得以揭示,基于信息不对称因素的恐慌加重了危机程度.综上,本文针对衍生品设计和市场的完善提出了建议.     

后危机时代商业银行的信贷风险管理

信贷业务是我国商业银行的主要收益来源,信贷风险也是商业银行面临的主要风险。席卷全球的次贷危机虽然已经过去,但是宏观经济政策的调整使商业银行面临着新的信贷风险,商业银行务必要强化信贷风险管理。本文分析了我国商业银行信贷风险管理中存在的问题,并提出了商业银行加强信贷风险控制的若干对策。     

关联企业制度与银行信贷风险的控制和监管

关联企业信贷风险控制在银行信贷管理中十分重要.频频发生的关联企业巨额贷款损失案件暴露出我国现行关联企业制度的缺陷以及我国商业银行关联企业信贷风险控制机制的漏洞.我国亟待借鉴国外经验,强化关联企业信贷风险控制.首先,国家要完善关联企业立法,从法律制度上保障银行债权;其次,商业银行应建立关联企业信贷风险控制机制以及关联企业信贷信息咨询系统,并做好对关联企业贷款的统一授信、贷前调查和财务分析,选择合适的借款主体和担保方式,在借款合同中设置预防性条款,加强贷后管理;最后,银行监管机构要采取措施加强对关联企业信贷风险的监管.     

Derivatives Activity at Troubled Banks

Because of moral hazard associated with deposit insurance, troubled banks that have a relatively thin capital cushion to absorb losses have an incentive to take speculative positions. Thus, the prevalence of problem banks among those actively engaged in derivatives markets should be of concern to bank supervisors. However, we find no evidence that bank supervisors take into account, either favorably or unfavorably, the derivatives activities of troubled banks in their decisions to downgrade bank ratings or impose regulatory actions. The derivatives activity of troubled banks should raise the same concerns expressed about banks' on–balance-sheet positions, namely, that they may not be fully exploiting hedging opportunities or may be placing their remaining capital at risk, intentionally or unintentionally.     

商业银行抵押贷款问题调查

抵押是商业银行重要的信用风险缓释技术之一。本报告分析了本轮经济增长中抵押贷款的增长趋势及其风险,比较了国内13家金融机构内部有关抵押的管理制度以及各监管当局现行的抵押监管要求和香港金融管理局抵押品监管指引,指出商业银行要根据抵押资产价格走势调整抵押率、准确定价、充足拨备,避免经营的剧烈起伏。监管当局也要加强经济景气分析和有关抵押资产价格走势分析,对抵押率进行监测,并制定有关抵押问题的监管指引。     

Are real estate specializing depositories viable? Evidence from commercial banks

This study investigates whether depository institutions that concentrate on real estate lending are economically viable by examining the behavior of a sample of commercial banks that chose over the last decade to specialize in real estate lending. The results show that over the 1978–1988 period, the average real estate specializing bank earnings performance was on par with regular commercial banks, and those that were in the business for a longer period of time had higher returns with less risk than substantially more diversified commercial banks. Real estate banks has relatively lower loan losses and relatively higher proportions of lower risk, one- to four-family mortgage loans than regular commercial banks. Finally, it appears that real estate banks exhibited substantial flexibility in their ability to adjust their real estate loan holdings.     

场外金融衍生产品清算及监管机制的最新演变及其启示

雷曼兄弟宣布申请破产保护成为次贷危机演化为全球金融危机的导火索,暴露出以CDS为代表的场外金融衍生产品市场的巨大风险。本文在回顾上述事件及其相关背景的基础上,着重介绍和探讨了当前有关场外金融衍生产品市场清算机制安排以及监管方面的最新演变及其应该注意的问题,同时提出借鉴国际经验,发展与规范我国场外金融衍生产品市场的相关启示。     

Derivatives usage,securitization, and the crash sensitivity of bank stocks

We show that the information on derivatives usage and securitization activities of U.S. banks as disclosed in their pre-crisis 10-K filings explains extreme equity returns of banks during the financial crisis. Stocks of banks that had previously disclosed a more extensive use of financial derivatives and loan securitization were more likely to experience extreme losses. Our findings are consistent with investors viewing banks that used derivatives for non-hedging purposes as highly vulnerable to the crisis. Moreover, banks which had significant securitization activities and were thus potentially exposed to under-capitalized risks from conduits possess a higher vulnerability of their equity to market downturns.     

次贷危机中评级机构的角色及影响

美国次贷危机发生过程中,信用评级机构的信誉受到了极大的挑战,各方对评级机构的评级能力和风险预警能力提出了质疑。本文从次贷危机影响因子入手,分析了信用评级机构在次贷危机中扮演的角色以及出现的误差。同时,将这些教训与当前我国的评级产业问题相结合,提出避免发生相同危机的建议。     

银行个贷业务风险及防范

本文揭示当前银行开展个贷业务存在的风险点,从贷前调查、贷中审核、贷后检测等方面,提出银行开展个贷业务的风险防范措施.     

Credit risk transfer in U.S. commercial banks: What changed during the 2007–2009 crisis?

Following the debate on the role of credit risk transfer (CRT) in exacerbating the 2007–2009 crisis, this paper investigates the usage and effects of loan sales, securitization, and credit derivatives in U.S. commercial banks over the last decade, with special emphasis on the financial crisis. We find that in times of severe funding constraints, the need to raise financial resources becomes the principal incentive behind CRT. We document some beneficial effects of CRT on the economy, since the funds released through CRT are subsequently invested by banks to sustain credit supply, also in recession. However, we report higher overall riskiness in banks that engage intensively in loans sales and securitization, which translates into higher default rates during the crisis. Interestingly, the benefits and drawbacks of CRT are much stronger for loan sales and securitization than for credit derivatives.     

Credit derivatives: international developments and lessons for India

Credit derivatives have been popular instruments for hedging of credit risks by banks and financial institutions. The notional value outstanding of credit default swap contracts, a type of credit derivative most in use, increased from US$6.4 trillion in December 2004 to US$57.89 trillion in December, 2007. However, this instrument, which was once ‘apple of the eye’ of market players, lost its sheen in the wake of the sub-prime crisis when it was perceived to have played a major role in igniting the crisis and spreading it across the global financial system. This article presents how this came about and the after thought of the regulators of developed countries in regulating these instruments. It then looks at what lessons India can draw from the experience of the Western nations before considering introduction of credit derivatives in the Indian markets.     

我国个人住房贷款利率合理水平探讨

本文从个人住房贷款利率水平影响因素角度入手，运用中美两国住房贷款利率水平比较的方法对我国当前的个人住房贷款的合理利率水平进行分析。得出了我国目前的个人住房贷款利率水平偏高的基本结论，认为我国商业银行拥有高于国外同行的超额利润，房贷存在“暴利”，我国浮动利率住房贷款利率水平合理的范围应当在4-5％左右。