关于在城市低收入人群中推广小额人身保险的思考

我国人身保险市场现有的险种,大都针对城市富人和中产阶层,而实际上,社会低收入者比前者面临更多的人身风险。目前在世界多个发展中国家得到推广的小额保险恰可解决这一问题。小额保险具有保费低、产品设计简单、定位准确等特点。在推广该险种的过程中,保险公司要特别注意结合我国国情,创新险种设计,选择合适的销售渠道和保费收取模式,实现经济效益和社会效益的"双赢"。     

The medical officer's role in critical illness insurance product development

Critical illness insurance is a new (to the US), medically sophisticated insurance product that is tantalizing some US insurers. Few have brought a product to market, but many opine that a US breakthrough is in the offing. Would you rise to the challenge and craft an opportunity to participate in the development of a new product concept? How do medical officers bring value to the product development world? Do medical officers belong in the domain of product actuaries and consultants who bring new product ideas to life? Dr. Jan von Overbeck and I presented a workshop at the 2004 AAIM meeting to discuss the role of the medical officer in the development and evaluation of critical illness insurance. This article summarizes that discussion for the Journal's readers.     

Impact of interest rates on the life insurance market development: Cross-country evidence

Studies have found that interest rates create incentives for insurance firms to focus on financial markets through investments. Using a cross-country context, we conjecture that interest rates affect the life insurance market’s development. Using an initial sample comprising the time series of interest rates and insurance markets’ measures from 34 countries across 1998–2017, we found that the density and penetration of the life insurance market is low in countries with high interest rates. Using another sample of 6,451 observations from insurance firms operating in the same 34 countries, we verified that the financial and operational incomes are equally significant in predicting the net income for life insurance companies that operate in countries with high interest rates. Our study contributes to observations that the lack of governmental control over public expenses impacts interest rates and, thereby, the opportunities for insurers.     

Opportunities for banks to cross-sell insurance products in Greece

The paper aims to identify whether or not there are opportunities for banks in Greece effectively to cross-sell insurance products through their branch network. In addition, it seeks to investigate the areas of insurance product portfolio that could have a better potential to be distributed by Greek banks, and to identify the profile of potential customers. For this reason a questionnaire was designed, and was completed by 720 bank customers. The analysis showed that the greatest opportunity comes from the fact that consumer awareness of the offering of insurance products by banks is low in contrast to their willingness to use banks as insurance products providers, which is very high. Additionally, there are indications that based on consumer attitudes, there are identifiable market segments which are more attractive. In conclusion, the paper discusses the managerial implications of the findings and proposes suggestions for further research.     

人寿保险行业市场结构及影响因素研究

准入退出壁垒、市场集中度、规模经济和范围经济以及产品差异化等是影响人寿保险业市场结构的主要因素。中国保险市场准入、退出的行政性政策壁垒较高,市场集中度较高,属于寡占 III 型市场结构;寿险业保费规模、保险密度、保险深度、保险资产总额占 GDP 的比重、保险资产总额占整个金融资产的比重较低;寿险产品同质化现象较严重。鉴此,应降低市场进入壁垒,建立市场退出机制,达到优化市场结构,提高资源配置效率目的。     

Pricing Critical Illness Insurance from Prevalence Rates: Gompertz versus Weibull

The pricing of critical illness insurance requires specific and detailed insurance data on healthy and ill lives. However, where the critical illness insurance market is small or national commercial insurance data needed for premium estimates are unavailable, national health statistics can be a viable starting point for insurance ratemaking purposes, even if such statistics cover the general population, are aggregate, and are reported at irregular intervals. To develop a critical illness insurance pricing model structured on a multiple state continuous and time-inhomogeneous Markov chain and based on national statistics, we do three things: First, assuming that the mortality intensity of healthy and ill lives is modeled by two parametrically different Weibull hazard functions, we provide closed formulas for transition probabilities involved in the multiple state model we propose. Second, we use a dataset that allows us to assess the accuracy of our multiple state model as a good estimator of incidence rates under the Weibull assumption applied to mortality rates. Third, the Weibull results are compared to corresponding results obtained by substituting two parametrically different Gompertz models for the Weibull models of mortality rates, as proposed previously. This enables us to assess which of the two parametric models is the superior tool for accurately calculating the multiple state model transition probabilities and assessing the comparative efficiency of Weibull and Gompertz as methods for pricing critical illness insurance.     

The strategic use of corporate insurance in China

We use the agency theory to conduct a novel test of the strategic use of property insurance in China's corporate sector. With regard to our main test hypotheses, we find that the incidence of property insurance purchased is directly related to the degree of product–market competitiveness, and positively related to market liquidity and firms’ growth opportunities. However, the homogeneity of market operations is not statistically significant. In our second-stage Cragg regression, market liquidity becomes insignificant while firms’ growth opportunities are now inversely related to the amount of insurance purchased. Additionally, the homogeneity of market operations becomes significantly related to the corporate purchase of property insurance. Therefore, different factors (e.g. cost considerations) may influence the decisions to purchase property insurance and subsequently, the level of coverage provided. We argue that our results are relevant for companies in other emerging markets such as Eastern Europe and companies operating in more developed Western economies such as the European Union (EU).     

中国人口老龄化对人身保险市场发展的影响分析——基于省际面板数据的经验分析

本文基于我国30个省、市、自治区(除西藏外)1997年～2008年度面板数据,运用面板回归的计量分析方法,对中国老龄化背景下人身保险市场的发展情况进行了研究.中国人口老龄化的到来,为人身保险市场的发展既创造了机遇,也带来了挑战,本文经过反复的实验估计,认为老龄化对人身保险市场的推动作用要大于其阻碍作用,并且老龄化程度越...     

金融产品的知识产权属性及其保护——以保险产品为例

企业创新对于转变经济增长方式具有重要影响,目前我国金融市场发展还不完善,不少金融机构法律意识淡薄,相互抄袭导致产品同质化现象严重,不利于企业产品创新,对金融产品授予知识产权是保护金融主体利益的有效手段之一.本文以保险产品为例进行分析,指出金融产品具备知识产权属性,并结合其他国家和地区对包括保险产品在内的金融产品的知识产...     

经济全球化浪潮中的中国保险业

世纪之交，经济全球化浪潮日益汹涌，中国保险业面临着前所未有的挑战和千载难逢的机遇，要变不利为有利，就要充分认识并把握民族保险业的自身优势即本土优势、网点优势、化优势和后发优势；还要在相关法律法规的建设、企业经营机制转换、保险监管力度以及人才培养方面加强工作，以利用经济全球化的机遇，实现中国保险业在新世纪的腾飞。     

对外开放背景下的外资保险公司监管

外资保险公司的引进所带来的机遇与挑战并存。不应只看到利用外资带来的正面影响,同时还应该正视利用外资给中国保险业带来的潜在风险。只有正确地识别、测量和控制风险,才能真正做到外资保险为我所用。监管机构需要增强对外资保险的监管能力以切实提高监管效果,应建立适应全球金融发展趋势的监管组织体系;转变监管职能和重点;改进监管手段和方式。     

Performance measurement of pension strategies: a case study of Danish life cycle products

The Danish pension markets of life cycle products have expanded considerably since its introduction in the beginning of the millennium. The market is maturing and pensioners have the choice between a wide area of different products. It is therefore about time that financial insurance technology is developed to guide the performance measurement of available products. In this paper we develop a simple first version of such a method and we investigate life cycle products recommended on the web of the four biggest commercial Danish pension companies on one day in February 2007. All considered products are outperformed by trivial benchmark products with constant stock proportion over time. Our approach is the following: for each life cycle product we first find a trivial benchmark product with the same long-term risk and then we compare the long-term return of the two equivalent products. We primarily consider value at risk and tail value at risk as risk measures, but we also include a study where the fair value of an interest guarantee is used as risk measure. We consider both long-term mean returns and long-term median returns. We hope that our new method will be regarded as a first step towards a scientifically based ranking of the quality of pension products.     

Die Marktabgrenzung im Versicherungskartellrecht am Beispiel der Berufshaftpflichtversicherungen

The definition of the relevant market is crucial to the application of European and German competition law and especially difficult when dealing with insurance markets. Generally, the product and geographic market comprises all products or services that are regarded as substitutable by consumers. In addition, the supply-side substitutability can be taken into consideration. In defining insurance product markets, the supply-side substitutability is decisive, because insurance products are seldom interchangeable from a policy holder’s point of view. Applying the concept of supply-side substitutability to professional indemnity insurances leads to product markets correlating with the different professional groups: Indemnity insurances for physicians constitute a product market; insurances for lawyers, notary publics, tax advisers and public accountants form another market and insurances for architects and construction engineers another one. These product markets are still national markets. Professional indemnity insurances are extensively shaped by the differing legal systems, namely by national insurance contract law, by liability provisions and by a legal obligation to insure. Consequently, policy holders cannot substitute their indemnity insurance with foreign insurance products and insurers are confronted with market entry barriers. However, the proposed directive on services on the internal market and the adopted directive on insurance mediation could result in community-wide markets in the near future.     

动态能力构建与保险公司竞争优势——基于中国保险市场的多案例研究

当前,中国保险市场发展十分迅猛,同时也面临多变和不确定的内外部环境,为研究动态能力提供了理想情境。根据国内外最近研究进展,识别保险公司动态能力的构建维度,探索动态能力和保险公司竞争优势之间的关系。通过对三个案例的研究,发现保险公司的动态能力是个多维度聚合构念,包括感知机会和威胁的能力、对新知识的吸收能力、重构资源基础的能力、产品和服务的创新能力。研究的主要贡献是对保险公司动态能力构念的定义和操作化,以及企业动态能力和保险公司竞争优势之间的关系,对我国保险业的持续健康发展有一定的实践参考价值。     

Determinants of International Insurers' Participation in Foreign Non-Life Markets

Mirroring the trend in the broader marketplace, the global insurance industry is steadily moving toward increased liberalization and deregulation. This study seeks to develop the first empirical model that examines the importance of foreign market characteristics as they relate to the participation of international insurers in the non‐life business of those countries. The analysis reveals that market structure is an important factor in determining whether international insurers participate in a given foreign market. In addition, for markets that are not competitive, removing trade barriers would significantly improve the desirability of those countries as host markets. The results also suggest that countries with higher gross domestic product tend to attract more involvement from international insurers. While this research focuses on the markets of industrialized countries, the findings will provide significant implications for those emerging markets that have not yet collected relevant data on a number of the variables included in this study.     

福建省发展地方优势特色农产品保险的实践和思考

发展现代农业,就必须解决农业生产面临的自然灾害和市场价格波动风险,就需要大力发展农业保险分散风险.当前,一些地方优势特色农产品保险发展还不够充分,不能有效分散地方优势特色农产品自然灾害和市场价格波动风险,成为制约地方优势农产品持续发展的一个因素.在供给侧,农业保险经营主体能力有待提高,保障的总体水平仍然偏低,保险产品种类少,产品设计重物不重人.在需求侧也存在一些地方政府重视不够,投入不足,农民投保意愿不强等短板.为此,建议供需两侧同步发力,共同推动地方优势特色农产品保险高质量发展,更好分散地方优势特色农业生产经营风险.供给侧注重保险产品创新、保险机构服务能力提升,需求侧增加财政投入、调动农民参保缴费积极性.     

New perspectives on CESEE insurance markets

The insurance markets of Central Eastern and Southeastern Europe (CESEE) present a unique landscape characterized by intricate geopolitical and institutional dynamics. Despite being a relatively small region, the countries within CESEE navigate a complex political and institutional environment. The development of insurance markets across CESEE is marked by considerable disparities, reflecting diverse approaches to market reforms. Despite the markets being open, a lack of competition prevails, with a pronounced presence of multinational insurance groups and their foreign affiliates. This paper provides an update on current challenges in the region.     

关于我国建立发展伊斯兰保险市场的建议

伊斯兰律法禁止利息、不确定性交易等经济行为,致使传统保险无法满足穆斯林的保险需求。经过多年的研究,全新的伊斯兰保险诞生,并被穆斯林和非穆斯林所接受,而且市场发展正不断地扩张。我国拥有2000多万伊斯兰人口,而伊斯兰保险市场一片空白,也无学术的理论研究。笔者通过分析我国伊斯兰人口的分布情况及民族特征,以及伊斯兰人口集中地新疆的保险发展状况,探讨了我国发展伊斯兰保险市场面临的诸多机遇与挑战,并提出了以新疆为试点发展伊斯兰保险等政策建议。     

Valuation of Equity-Linked Insurance and Annuity Products with Binomial Models

Abstract

In this paper we develop a valuation method for equity-linked insurance products. We assume that the premium information of term life insurances, pure endowment insurances, and endowment insurances at all maturities is obtainable within a company or from the insurance market. Using a method similar to that of Jarrow and Turnbull (1995), we derive three martingale probability measures associated with these basic insurance products. These measures are agedependent, include an adjustment for the mortality risk, and reproduce the premiums of the respective insurance products. We then extend the martingale measures to include the financial market information using copulas and use them to evaluate equity-linked insurance contracts and equity-indexed annuities in particular. This is different from the traditional approach under which diversification of mortality risk is assumed. A detailed numerical analysis is performed for various existing equity-indexed annuities in the North American market.     

Vertragsschluß und Probleme des Internationalen Privatrechts beim E-Commerce

The use of the internet has developed significantly in recent years and has created new opportunities for the insurance sector. The virtual nature of the internet supports an effective medium for the sale of insurance products. An internet presence is a key part of an effective marketing and distribution strategy for every insurance company; despite uncertainties concerning expansion into an eletronic market, such strategies remain indispensable. The legal system is continuing to adapt to the ?intangible“ and borderless nature of e-commerce; clearly there remain problematic areas and issues which have yet to be adequately addressed. The article deals with essential questions related to the formation and the implementation of insurance contracts via the internet and focuses on still existing obstacles to the formation of the contract and possible solutions through the implementation of european directives. In this context, the digital signature plays a significant role. Furthermore, questions regarding the applicable law in the formation of contracts with international character will be addressed. In the light of the expansion of internet use and its facilitation of cross border contracts, consumer protection becomes more difficult. Efficient supervision and control of insurance providers that are located in other countries and offer insurance products on the internet is difficult to regulate.