改进政府间税收划分:难题与选择(上)

税收划分一直是我国政府间财政关系改革的主线。1993-1994年改革虽然重构了政府间税收划分的框架,但仍然遗留了一系列至今未能妥善解决的复杂而困难的问题,包括税收立法权的赋予与限制、辖区间税基分配、税收司法权的划分、地方税与转移支付如何匹配以及政府间税收协调机制。当前亟需推动新一轮的政府间税收划分改革,以着手解决这些深层次问题。     

税权划分对地方税制度效率的影响

税权包括税收立法权、执法权和征管权。税权划分问题实际上是一个国家税权在中央和地方政府间的安排问题。税权划分应该尊重一国的社会经济现实基础。分税制改革以后,我国对税收征管权在中央和地方政府间进行了重新的分配,地方政府获得了一定的税收征管权,但税收的立法权依旧归于中央。适应分税制改革的需要,地方政府应该获得适当的税收立法权。     

有关我国地方政府间税收收入划分问题的思考

从当前我国地方政府间税收收入划分的情况来看,各个地区并没有形成统一的税权划分模式,彼此之间存在着或多或少的差异,但是也呈现出一定的共性。本文归纳了我国不同省市政府间税收收入划分的模式及特点,分析了现行地方政府间税收收入归属模式存在的问题,并对我国各级地方政府税收体系的建立提出若干建议。     

论转型期政府间的税收竞争及其有效性

政府间税收竞争是转轨期制度发现的内在机制，其理论基础是财政分权主义。我国政府间税收竞争主要是从提供税收优惠和优质公共产品及服务两个层次上展开的。在我国现实的体制框架下，政府间税收竞争的有效性还处在弱势状态。因此，还需要建立稳定的竞争规则和政治经济体制等相关配套措施，增强我国政府间税收竞争的有效性。     

建立政府间转移支付制度若干问题的探讨

建立政府间转移支付制度若干问题的探讨四川省预算会计研究会课题组一、我国转移支付制度的特点国际上大体有两种渠道解决转移支付问题，一是收入转让，即划给一定的税收，实行分享税基制；二是实行补助金制度。有的国家以划分税收为主要渠道。我国由于在收入划分上已经大...     

完善我国政府间税收划分的路径选择北大核心CSSCI

不同层级政府间的权责分配是多级政府财政体制的核心问题。随着我国政府间财政关系改革的推进,事权与支出责任的涵义逐渐清晰,但政府间税收划分的调整并未与事权、支出责任的变化相适应,影响了地方政府公共职能的履行和辖区居民满意程度的提高。未来的改革应遵循税收划分与支出责任相匹配的原则,在理顺政府间转移支付和地方税关系的基础上,用税率分享制替代收入分成办法,实现降低国家治理成本、提高政府对社会成员需求回应性和负责性的目标。     

德国的税收分配方式

德国由于各项税源性质的差异以及课征方式的不同，对于税收的分配，目前在各级政府间的划分上主要采取两种方式，即税收的垂直分配和水平分配。     

完善我国政府间事权划分制度的构想

事权划分．收入划分和转移支付制度是分税制体制的三大基本要素。其中，事权划分是分税制的基础，只有在事权清晰的条件下，才能处理好税收分配和转移支付问题。由于事权划分不清晰，我国的分税制在运行中出现了一系列问题，最为突出的就是地方政府特别是省以下政府出现了严重的财政困难。从表面上看。这是由于地方政府事权与财权不对称引起的，但其根源在于我国分税制度改革过程中，没有以规范的方式明确各级政府间的事权关系，进而没能形成有效的政府问收入分配制度。从逻辑顺序上看，事权划分在先。因此，明确各级政府事权范围，应该是进一步完善我国分税制管理体制的出发点。     

政府间税收划分的规律性:基于OECD国家的例证

实践中,尽管流动性税基在政府间的划分呈多元化,但依然存在规律性.这种规律并不是仅依据税种属性,而是追求较高的税收效率.其关键在于,在客观条件和制度设置约束下,税基是否发生流动.只要具备相应的约束条件,流转税与所得税都可以划给地方政府.基于这种规律性,我国政府间税收划分制度需要进一步改进,完善的思路应该是在增加地方对个人所得税分享的基础上,降低对增值税的分享比例.     

税权划分对税收分配关系的影响

税收分配关系主要包括国家与纳税人之间的税收分配关系和中央与各级地方政府的税收利益分配关系两个方面。影响税收分配关系的因素很多，但是，就我国目前的实践，税权划分不合理，是影响税收分配关系的关键。     

教育与资本怎样的前景怎样的现实

来自政府的声音: "动员各种社会资源,发展教育" 此次论坛上财政部长助理张少春的发言是最受关注的发言之一.他的演讲传达出的信息有这样几方面:第一,谈到现实,他认为全社会对教育的巨大需求与我国公共投入不足已成为我国教育事业发展的突出矛盾.近年来,以公共部门投入为主,多渠道筹措教育经费的教育投入机制成为解决这一问题的重要途径,也使得公共部门与私营部门在教育领域的合作日益密切.第二,谈到前景,他认为,1.中国经济持续、快速的增长对高技能人才产生巨大的需求,这为私营部门的参与提供了广阔空间.2.随着公共财政职能的不断完善,财政资金将在各项教育事业中重新进行分配,进一步优化财政支出结构,提高资金的使用效率.在"十一五"期间,我国将把公共支出的重点转移到农村.我们将逐步把全体农村适龄儿童的义务教育全部纳入公共财政体制.     

Debt and Taxes and Uncertainty

With a graduated personal tax schedule, Miller showed that there could be an equilibrium debt supply for the corporate sector as a whole. In the presence of uncertainty there is also a unique debt/equity ratio for each individual firm, and this ratio is related to the firm's operational risk characteristics. However, if firms merge and spin off in response to tax incentives, the identity of firms is ambiguous and only the corporate sector is a meaningful construct. These arguments are developed in both discrete and continuous models that employ extensions of the arbitrage-free pricing theory.     

East and west and north and south : A preliminary model

The Brandt report and other proposals for a new North-South world order continue to be the focus of lively debate, yet it is often argued that little concrete has emerged from their recommendations. A major reason for this, the author argues, is that the East-West conflict component is not sufficiently taken into consideration-East-West tensions are a severe constraint on and a determining factor of North-South relations. Using influence diagrams, the author develops a flexible framework for discussion and assessment of N/S-E/W relations.     

Director gender and mergers and acquisitions

Does director gender influence CEO empire building? Does it affect the bid premium paid for target firms? Less overconfident female directors less overestimate merger gains. As a result, firms with female directors are less likely to make acquisitions and if they do, pay lower bid premia. Using acquisition bids by S&P 1500 companies during 1997–2009 we find that each additional female director is associated with 7.6% fewer bids, and each additional female director on a bidder board reduces the bid premium paid by 15.4%. Our findings support the notion that female directors help create shareholder value through their influence on acquisition decisions. We also discuss other possible interpretations of our findings.     

Political corruption and mergers and acquisitions

This research examines the relation between political corruption and mergers and acquisitions (M&As). We find that local corruption increases firm acquisitiveness but decreases firm targetiveness. The levels of corruption in acquirer areas relate positively to the bid premiums and negatively to the likelihood of deal completion. Corruption motivates acquiring firms to use excess cash for payment, which mitigates the negative effect of corruption on acquirer shareholder value. The evidence indicates that acquisitions help acquiring firms convert cash into hard-to-extract assets and relocate assets from the high to low corruption areas, thereby shielding their liquid assets from expropriation by local officials.     

Trust and cross-border mergers and acquisitions

A number of studies suggest that social trust matters for investment. Using different measures of trust from World Values Survey, we show that countries where people display higher levels of trust engage in more cross-border M&A activities. When they do, these acquirers pay lower premiums. To the extent that these acquirers also tend to engage in larger acquisitions as well, our findings suggest that a larger selection pool of potential targets and higher value targets enable these acquirers to negotiate for lower premiums. We do not find evidence of the significant effect for target country trust levels. Hence, trust may benefit those acquiring firms in cross-border transactions.     

Tournament-based incentives and mergers and acquisitions

This research examines the relation between tournament-based incentives, which are proxied by the difference between a firm's CEO pay and the median pay of the senior managers, and mergers and acquisitions (M&As). We find that tournament-based incentives are positively related to firm acquisitiveness and acquiring firms' stock and operating performance. Further analysis indicates that positive acquisition performance increases the likelihood of the CEO being promoted from inside the acquiring firm. Our evidence is consistent with the view that tournament-based incentives motivate acquiring firms' managers to make greater efforts and take more risk that result in superior acquisition performance.     

Corporate Innovations and Mergers and Acquisitions

Using a large and unique patent‐merger data set over the period 1984 to 2006, we show that companies with large patent portfolios and low R&D expenses are acquirers, while companies with high R&D expenses and slow growth in patent output are targets. Further, technological overlap between firm pairs has a positive effect on transaction incidence, and this effect is reduced for firm pairs that overlap in product markets. We also show that acquirers with prior technological linkage to their target firms produce more patents afterwards. We conclude that synergies obtained from combining innovation capabilities are important drivers of acquisitions.