财务报告问询函对公司现金持有的影响研究

财务报告问询函作为重要的一线监管措施，从多个渠道影响着公司财务决策。本文以2015-2021年中国A股上市公司为研究样本，检验财务报告问询函对公司现金持有的影响。研究发现：公司收到财务报告问询函，现金持有水平显著降低。机制检验结果表明，财务报告问询函通过发挥治理效应降低公司的现金持有，同时通过加剧融资约束提高现金持有，且治理效应渠道效果强于融资约束渠道。治理效应具体表现为收函企业投资不足现象得到改善，研发投入以及现金股利支付增加。异质性分析表明财务报告问询函对现金持有的影响在高收函频率、低公司治理水平情形下更明显。财务报告问询函降低现金持有水平的同时，显著提高了企业价值。文章将现金持有动机理论的应用范围拓展到了一线监管领域，揭示了财务报告问询函对企业现金持有的影响机制，为监管转型背景下的企业财务决策问题研究提供了经验证据。     

非处罚性监管具有信息含量吗？——基于问询函的证据

监管机构对上市公司出具问询函正成为中国资本市场重要的监管手段,但这种非处罚性监管对于证券市场而言是否具有信息含量？市场是否认可其监管作用？市场反应的强度会受到哪些因素的显著影响？这些都是尚待解决的重要问题。本文通过对财务报告问询函的研究发现,市场对问询函收函公告的反应显著为负,对回函公告的反应显著为正,财务报告问询函有信息含量且市场认可财务报告问询函的监管作用,而且上市公司特征以及财务报告问询函特征会进一步影响市场的反应强度。结论意味着问询函在信息披露监管方面发挥了作用,对证券市场监管的模式创新具有重要的政策启示。     

财务报告问询函与上市公司融资约束北大核心CSSCI

本文以交易所发放的财务报告问询函为研究对象,检验交易所问询函制度对公司融资约束的影响。实证结果表明,上市公司收到财务报告问询函会加剧融资约束;检验其影响机理证实,问询函将公司推向聚光灯下,坏消息传播,降低收函公司声誉,并引起其股价波动性增加、违规风险提高,进而加剧公司融资约束;进一步研究发现,问询函提高公司的债务与股权融资成本;此外,问询函异质性特征对公司融资约束的影响程度存在差异。     

非处罚性监管与公司税收规避——基于财务报告问询函的证据

本文基于税收规避视角研究中国制度背景下问询函性质非处罚性监管的经济后果。实证结果发现:财务报告问询函可以抑制公司税收规避行为,且财务报告问询函总数越多、针对同一财务报告问询次数越多、财务报告问询函问题数量越多,意味着问询函监管强度越高,公司税收规避降低幅度越大。同时,从细分特征来看,当财务报告问询函涉及税收或研发相关内容时,公司税收规避程度更低。进一步地,在融资约束程度较低和税收征管强度较高的公司中,税收规避程度较低,问询函的监管效果较好。     

问询函的溢出效应——基于盈余管理视角

在重视信息公开,探索建立事中、事后监管机制的新形势下,证监会各类行政处罚监管逐步转向交易所非行政处罚监管,问询函机制的作用凸显.与以往文献不同,本文未研究问询函对企业行为的直接影响,而是基于盈余管理视角研究问询函的溢出效应.本文研究发现,同行业企业收到年报问询函会抑制本行业其他企业的盈余管理活动,当行业领先者收到年报问询函、行业竞争度越高时,问询函的行业溢出效应越强;非北上广深样本中,同地区企业收到年报问询函会抑制本地其他企业的盈余管理活动,法治环境越好、市场化程度越高,问询函的地区溢出效应越强.本文还发现当年报问询函内容与盈余管理相关时,问询函的溢出效应更强.     

问询函的溢出效应——基于盈余管理视角

在重视信息公开,探索建立事中、事后监管机制的新形势下,证监会各类行政处罚监管逐步转向交易所非行政处罚监管,问询函机制的作用凸显.与以往文献不同,本文未研究问询函对企业行为的直接影响,而是基于盈余管理视角研究问询函的溢出效应.本文研究发现,同行业企业收到年报问询函会抑制本行业其他企业的盈余管理活动,当行业领先者收到年报问询函、行业竞争度越高时,问询函的行业溢出效应越强;非北上广深样本中,同地区企业收到年报问询函会抑制本地其他企业的盈余管理活动,法治环境越好、市场化程度越高,问询函的地区溢出效应越强.本文还发现当年报问询函内容与盈余管理相关时,问询函的溢出效应更强.     

监管信息披露与债权人定价决策——基于沪深交易所年报问询函的证据

本文检验交易所监管问询函及其公开披露与否对公司债务资金成本的影响。实证结果发现,交易所监管问询函显著提升了被问询公司的债务资金成本,并且问询函包含问题个数越多、需要第三方出具专业审核意见以及问询内容涉及相关风险事项时,债务资金成本上升程度越大,而当问询函未向市场公开披露时,被问询公司的债务资金成本不会受到影响。横截面测试发现,上市公司所在地市场化水平强化了风险与债务资金成本的正向关系,而国有产权属性、银企关系背景以及集团化经营模式则削弱了风险与债务资金成本的正向关系。本文从信息效应视角补充了监管问询函经济后果的相关研究,也揭示了半强式市场中监管信息公开披露的重要性。     

预防性监管与公司产能过剩--基于年报问询函的研究证据北大核心

本文研究年报问询函这一预防性监管制度能否推动公司去产能,并探究其作用机制和经济后果。研究发现,相比未被问询的公司,被问询的公司收函后产能过剩水平显著下降;该结果在媒体负面报道较多的公司、地方政府治理水平较高的地区中更为明显,表明年报问询函通过降低市场、政府与公司间的信息不对称,强化市场和政府的治理效应,进而有效促使公司去产能。影响机制检验表明,年报问询函主要通过优化资源配置、减少代理问题作用于去产能。经济后果方面,年报问询函会提升被问询公司的生产效率和经营业绩。     

证券交易所一线监管与公司债务融资——基于财务报告问询函的证据

本文从债权人保护视角检验证券交易所一线监管对公司债务融资的影响.研究发现,上市公司收到财务报告问询函后新增银行借款和商业信用均减少,并且问询函所暴露出的问题越严重、公司信息环境或会计信息质量越差,新增银行借款和商业信用减少的幅度就越大.进一步研究发现,不同特征的财务报告问询函对债务融资的影响不同;财务报告问询函对公司债务融资的影响在民营企业和货币政策宽松的年度更明显.研究说明,证券交易所一线监管能够有效保护债权人的利益,维护资本市场的健康发展.     

交易所问询与企业过度投资 ——基于沪深交易所年报问询函的经验证据

基于证券交易所问询函件频发以及重点关注企业投资行为的背景,采用2015-2018年A股上市公司年报及其年报问询函数据,探讨交易所年报问询函对企业过度投资的影响效力.研究发现:年报问询函监管能够在一定程度上抑制公司的过度投资;且当上市公司收到的问询函中涉及"投资"事项问题时,对公司过度投资的抑制作用更明显;管理层权力对问询函监管与过度投资关系具有调节作用.     

Conservative Reporting and the Incremental Effect of Mandatory Audit Firm Rotation Policy: A Comparative Analysis of Audit Partner Rotation vs Audit Firm Rotation in South Korea

In this paper, we take advantage of Korea's unique experiment with mandatory audit firm rotation (MAFR) and mandatory audit partner rotation (MAPR) to ascertain their influence on audit quality, proxied by conditional conservatism. Overall, we find that the implementation of MAFR did not have the desired effect. Firms that adopted MAFR demonstrate higher levels of conservatism in previous periods under MAPR (or compared to voluntary adopters). Furthermore, we find that audit tenure increases conservatism levels consistent with the auditor expertise hypothesis. However, whilst evidence suggests MAFR decreases audit quality on the whole, we find that firms that switch from non‐Big 4 to Big 4 auditors demonstrate higher conservatism because Big 4 auditors are more likely to demand conservative accounting practices, consistent with Big 4 audit firm knowledge superiority. Overall, the results suggest that MAFR's negative effect on audit quality can be mitigated by Big 4 auditor supervision.     

Effects of air pollution on accounting conservatism

We examine the impact of air pollution on a firm's accounting policy conservatism. We hypothesize that, in response to risks associated with increased air pollution, firms apply more conservative accounting practices and utilize more conservative estimates in their reporting. Using a sample of Chinese firms, accounting conservatism measures, and a satellite-based air pollution metric, we confirm the validity of our hypothesis. Additional analysis suggests that the impact of air pollution on accounting policy conservatism is more salient for firms in high-pollution industries, firms under severe financial constraint, firms with higher environmental risk, and firms that receive high media coverage. Further, we document that air pollution does not significantly affect a firm's return on assets, year-on-year sales growth, or Tobin's Q measure. Hence, it is management's risk perception, not objective performance concern, that is driving accounting conservatism. Finally, specifically investigating accounting conservatism, we discover that, for firms with higher pollution levels, selling general and administrative expenses, liabilities provision, accrued expenses, and asset impairment loss are significantly higher.     

会计稳健性、高管社会网络与企业创新-来自中国上市公司的经验证据

以2008-2012年我国沪深非金融类A股上市公司为样本,运用社会网络分析方法,实证检验高管社会网络和会计稳健性分别对企业创新的影响,以及高管社会网络对会计稳健性和企业创新关系的影响.结果发现:高管社会网络中心度和会计稳健性均可以促进企业创新;但高管社会网络中心度削弱了会计稳健性对企业创新的促进作用.     

会计稳健性研究述评

越来越多的研究表明,会计稳健性是财务报告最重要的特征。本文系统地评论了会计稳健性研究的最新内容。第一方面为会计稳健性的不同计量方法及各种计量方法之间存在的关系,第二方面为稳健性起因的最新研究,尤其是契约对企业会计稳健性的影响,第三方面为会计稳健性的经济后果,包括会计稳健性对资本成本的影响以及对企业真实经济活动的影响。文章最后指出了会计稳健性未来研究的方向。     

Virtually Perfect Corporation*

This case provides an example of a high technology company that is expanding and is facing cash flow constraints. It details financial reporting issues relating to the company’s most recent set of financial statements. It requires students to assume the role of a newly appointed auditor, to prepare a report analyzing the key issues and to provide advice to the owners of the Company. Students are faced with a set of integrated financial accounting and reporting issues. The case incorporates some overview audit issues, but it is most suitable as a capstone case in intermediate financial accounting, for use in either undergraduate or MBA courses.     

Investor perceptions of the earnings quality consequences of hiring an affiliated auditor

The Sarbanes–Oxley Act (SOX) requires that firms wait 1 year before hiring an individual employed as a member of the external audit team. SOX’s intent is to reduce the perceived loss of auditor independence due to affiliated hiring. SOX also requires fully independent audit committees and disclosure of directors with financial expertise. Using a sample of financial executive hires during the pre-SOX period, we find that earnings response coefficients (ERCs) decline following hires of individuals recently employed by the firm’s external auditor, but ERCs do not decline following hires not recently employed by the external auditor. We also find smaller ERC declines following affiliated hires for firms with audit committee compositions consistent with subsequently imposed SOX requirements. Further investigation using measures of earnings quality suggests that differences in ERC changes are attributable to perceived, rather than real, changes in earnings quality following affiliated hires.     

Regulatory risk and auditors’ reporting conservatism: Evidence from Chinese comment letters

We study how auditors respond to regulatory risk that arises when their clients receive comment letters from Chinese stock exchanges. Our results show that auditors are more likely to issue modified or conservative—but not excessively conservative—audit opinions to the recipients of comment letters. This reporting conservatism is especially pronounced when the regulatory risk perceived by auditors rises, such as when comment letters contain more questions, when more comment letters are issued, when the auditors must give opinions on specific issues, or when comment letters involve more auditor issues. Comment letters have been issued in China since 2013, but did not have to be disclosed until 2015. We find no significant difference in the impact of comment letters on auditor conservatism between pre- and post-disclosure periods. Further, the size of auditor firms has no significant effect on the impact of comment letters in post-disclosure periods. We interpret our results as supporting the regulation risk hypothesis.