外资并购中的反垄断问题研究

外资并购作为国际直接投资的主要方式，一方面推动了我国经济的发展，另一方面却带来垄断问题。如何在反垄断规制中更好地运用国民待遇原则和维护国家利益原则是个值得研究的问题。本文从实质标准、程序要求、制裁与执行等方面论述了规制外资并购反垄断的基本策略，并结合入世后的现状，提出了我国现行对外资并购的反垄断规定中所存在的不足及完善建议。     

入世需要国民待遇立法

入世对我国有关国民待遇的法制制度提出了立、改、废之要求。文章具体从WTO国民待遇原则的要求、国民待遇需要先行存在反垄断立法、国民待遇需要外资准入立法、国民待遇需要外资产业政策更新的立法跟进四个方面展开实证论述。     

国民待遇原则与我国外资经济发展问题研究

国民待遇原则是世贸组织的基本原则之一,在当今世界上,大凡实行市场经济的国家,一般都提倡给外资以国民待遇。而从非公有制经济自身的现状、特点及所享有的待遇来看,我国对外商投资的各项优惠政策应逐步过渡到国民待遇。     

外资并购：红红火火有隐忧

外资并购与传统的新建合资企业相比，最大的优点就是快速、便捷。目前．跨国公司在中国进行并购的需求日趋强烈。为规范管理，从2003年底以来，我国出台了一系列关于促进外商并购境内企业的规定。权威部门官称．一系列法规的出台．使得外商并购国内企业在法律上已没有什么太大障碍，只要不是国家产业政策限制禁止的行业，外资都可以并购：政策的优惠使外资并购境内企业日见升温，各种相关研讨会、论坛也如火如荼．“迎接外资并购热潮”等声音也时有耳闻，但是这红红火火的场面引起了各方人士的关心和担忧．     

政策

外资并购须进行国家安全审查部分行业龙头企业被外资并购,可能影响国家经济安全的问题引起社会各界关注。24日提交全国人大常委会二审的反垄断法草案增加新规定,要求对外资并购国内企业,除进行反垄断审查外,还应按照有关规定进行国家安     

完善我国外商并购投资规制体系的相关对策研究

本文分析了外商并购投资的发展态势,指出外商通过并购方式在我国投资将呈现明显增长趋势。文中在对我国现行的外资并购规制体系存在的主要问题作出分析的基础上,提出完善外资并购规制体系必须坚持国家利益至上、内外资平等以及公开透明原则,并从法律法规、产业政策导向、审批程序和机构等方面提出了完善我国外商并购投资规制体系的若干对策建议。     

加入WTO后中国金融业落实国民待遇原则的对策

加入WTO及落实“国民待遇”原则会对中国金融业造成一定的冲击。本指出在对外资金融机构落实“国民待遇”原则前、金融业要先“对内开放”，再从宏观金融管理和微观经营等方面进行改革与创新；阐述了应如何规避加入WTO后对我国金融业产生的影响及应采取的对策。     

试论对外资并购的反垄断法律规制

外资并购一方面推动我国经济发展。另一方面却带来垄断等弊端。要参照国外采用的规模标准、市场份额和市场集中度来判断外资并购后是否会形成垄断或实质的竞争，并以此确定外资并购是否具有经济合理性。根据美国、日本和德国的反垄断法立法和司法经验．对禁止企业并购的豁免主要应包括改善市场条件、潜在的市场进入、整体经济和社会公共利益等三种情况。我国应参照澳大利亚和加拿大的做法。即国内外并购的审查立法分别由反垄断法和外资法负责。与此相应的是，对外资并购的审查制度主要由外资法规定。而反垄断法只需对外资并购有关反垄断方面作出规定。     

发展民营银行让民间资本活起来

给民营资本以国民待遇 经济学家张曙光指出,应进一步放宽民间资本的准入条件,大力发展民营金融. 张曙光说,我国在资本市场开放程度上对外和对内政策不对等,在加大外资开放力度的同时,没有扩大对民营资本的开放,在对外资实施国民待遇的同时,没有对民营资本实施国民待遇.当民营资本被歧视时,外资在世贸组织中享受到的就不再是国民待遇,而是超国民待遇.     

我国外资并购存在的风险及法律规制

随着全球经济一体化及中国对外贸易的迅猛发展,我国已成为全球对外资最有吸引力的国家.而外资并购作为外商在华投资的一种主要形式,近年来在广度和深度上都有所拓展,成为了实现社会主义市场经济的重要步骤.毋庸置疑,外资并购为我国带来了国际先进的科技和管理经验,对发挥规模经济优势、提高企业的国际竞争力、扩大国际市场的占有率、增强整个国家的经济实力等方面确实起着积极的作用.但同时,我们还应注意到,跨国公司并购过程中还存在着许多问题与风险,已对我国产业安全、经济安全以及民族产业的健康成长带来了一定的负面影响.因此,对外资并购我国企业中的法律问题进行分析、研究,探讨我国关于外资并购制度方面的完善与对策,具有重要的现实意义     

金融结构如何影响了外资进入方式选择？

随着全球价值链进入深度重构的关键时期,金融结构对于一国外资进入方式选择的重要性日益凸显,本文采用65个国家2003—2017年跨国面板数据,从理论和实证两个层面系统探讨了金融结构与一国外资进入方式选择之间的关系。研究表明:(1)无论是发达国家还是发展中国家东道国,市场主导型金融结构均有助于外资以跨国并购方式进入东道国,但发达国家正向促进作用显著大于发展中国家,克服了内生性和经济波动的影响后,结论依旧稳健。(2)进一步机制检验结果发现,技术创新引致和国家风险管控是金融结构影响外资进入方式选择的重要渠道。其中,金融结构的国家风险渠道机制,主要通过降低经济金融风险来实现。(3)此外,引入国家营商环境指数发现,营商环境的改善不仅对外资以跨国并购方式进入具有直接促进作用,而且能间接调节金融市场对外资进入结构优化的提升作用。本文研究为我国深化金融供给侧结构性改革,改善营商环境,进而实现引资结构优化提供了政策启示。     

Foreign competition and acquisitions

I provide evidence on the impact of foreign competition on firms' propensities to engage in mergers and acquisitions. Using import tariff reductions as exogenous shocks that increase foreign competition, I find that affected firms are more likely to make acquisitions following tariff reductions. Cross-sectional tests show that this association is more pronounced for single segment firms, capital intensive firms, firms with higher profit margins, and firms with better growth opportunities, which suggests that this association is stronger for firms that are affected by increased competition to a greater extent and firms that stand to gain more from acquisitions when faced with increased competition. Moreover, the positive relation between acquisition propensities and tariff cuts is more pronounced for financially unconstrained firms and during times of high capital liquidity, which implies that it is easier for firms with greater access to capital to respond to increases in foreign competition by making acquisitions. Finally, I find some evidence that the acquisitions made in response to tariff decreases are associated with better firm profitability ratios in the following year, indicating that firms respond to increased competition by making acquisitions to improve their operational efficiency.     

Going public to acquire? The acquisition motive in IPOs

Newly public firms make acquisitions at a torrid pace. Their large acquisition appetites reflect the concentration of initial public offerings (IPOs) in mergers and acquisitions-(M&A-) intensive industries, but acquisitions by IPO firms also outpace those by mature firms in the same industry. IPO firms’ acquisition activity is fueled by the initial capital infusion at the IPO and through the creation of an acquisition currency used to raise capital for both cash- and stock-financed acquisitions along with debt issuance subsequent to the IPO. IPO firms play a bigger role in the M&A process by participating as acquirers than they do as takeover targets, and acquisitions are as important to their growth as research and development (R&D) and capital expenditures (CAPEX). The pattern of acquisitions following an IPO shapes the evolution of ownership structure of newly public firms.     

关于并购重组中若干问题的探讨

随着我国资本市场建设的不断深入,除IPO发行股票外,选择并购重组方式上市的企业逐渐增多.针对集团整体上市、借壳上市等并购方式,我国政府部门陆续发布了一系列的相应规范.笔者从信息披露、财务核算、股份发行对价三方面,对目前并购重组实务中仍存在的一些重点问题进行了阐述并提出了完善建议供相关部门参考,以期进一步完善我国资本市场的制度建设,营造公开、公平、公正的证券化市场.     

政府规制视角下企业海外并购问题研究

鉴于目前在海外并购活动中发达国家政府的规制体系相对健全,本文基于对发达国家企业海外并购的政府规制行为进行系统梳理,探讨了新形势下我国企业海外并购面临的机遇与挑战及应采取的政府规制措施.本文的主要结论是：在海外并购东道国政府不断加大国家安全审查力度、国际市场波动加剧及企业海外并购整合控制难度加大的背景下,促进我国企业海外并购应不断完善海外并购的法律法规体系、强化规制部门对海外并购的引导与协调、加大海外并购政策支持力度、加强海外并购中介服务机构建设.     

Investor Protection,Investment Efficiency and Value: The Case of Cross‐Listed Firms

We examine the impact of improved investor protection due to cross‐listing on foreign firms’ investment decisions and firm value. While we find that cross‐listing increases firms’ capital expenditures and mergers and acquisitions activities, cross‐listed firms also invest more in research and development, make better acquisition decisions, and have higher profitability compared to non‐cross‐listed firms. Moreover, cross‐listing is associated with better cash utilization by foreign firms for investments. These improvements in investments and cash utilization are more pronounced for firms cross‐listed on US exchanges and for firms from countries with weak investor protection laws.     

Evaluating the state of competition of the Greek banking industry

The present paper uses three different New Empirical Industrial Organization (NEIO) approaches (Panzar–Rosse, Bresnahan–Lau and Hall–Roeger models) to investigate competitive conditions in the Greek banking sector over the period 1995–2004. One important event which has taken place in the Greek banking industry, especially after 1998, is a wave of mergers and acquisitions. This study also measures and compares the degree of banking competition in two sub-periods, 1995–1998 and 1999–2004, in order to investigate the effect of mergers and acquisitions on the competitive structure of Greek banking. The empirical results of the three models indicate a shift from competitive to non-competitive conditions when moving from the first to the second sub-period. This finding suggests that mergers and acquisitions have affected the level of completion of Greek banking, rendering the industry less competitive. Furthermore, taking into consideration the negative effects of mergers and acquisitions on technical efficiency and the total factor productivity of Greek banking (Rezitis, 2008), the empirical findings of the present study provide some indications that one of the outcomes of the Greek banks’ merging activities, at least in the short run, might be to attain market power and thus higher profits, rather than higher efficiency and lower costs.     

私募股权投资并购退出模式及策略分析

私募股权投资并购退出是当前国内逐渐兴起的新趋势,既符合市场经济由自由竞争发展到集中整合阶段的客观需求,又具有优化产业结构的时代使命。但并购退出在国内总体还处于萌芽阶段,进一步的发展空间还受到不少限制,本文尝试探索符合国内并购退出的几种模式,并有针对性地提出了发展并购退出的初步策略与建议。     

Bidder contests in international mergers and acquisitions: The impact of toeholds,preemptive bidding,and termination fees

For international mergers and acquisitions we analyze the effectiveness of different bidder strategies, first in preventing bidder competition, and second in increasing the likelihood of success. We provide robust empirical evidence of the effectiveness of toeholds and termination fees in reducing the likelihood of competition and, if a contest occurs, increasing the probability of success, especially after controlling for bidder asymmetries. The effects of termination fees vary over time and legal origin. Overall, there is hardly any evidence that high initial offers can prevent contests. However, competition is preempted in civil law countries with a high initial premium. A higher percentage of cash payment also increases the probability of success in bidder contest. Moreover, latent competition is generally not sufficient to curb the influence of observable bidder competition on target and bidder wealth. Finally, serial acquirers are more likely to prevent bidder contests and experienced and reputably advised bidders are more successful in deal completion. Overall, we offer novel evidence for the success of different bidding strategies in international mergers and acquisitions.     

Investor Protection and the Mode of Acquisition: Implications for Ownership Dilution and Formation of Pyramids

This paper examines how investor protection affects mode of acquisition and shapes subsequent control structures. I find that (stock‐based) mergers are more likely when investors are well protected, while (cash‐based) control transactions are more prevalent under weak protection. Repeated acquisitions by common law firms result in substantial ownership dilution especially in the United States, but not in civil law countries. Alternatively, a series of acquisitions in civil law countries linked through firms that are bidders in one acquisition, but targets in another, tends to generate a corresponding series of intercorporate control pyramids, while such correspondence is much weaker in common law countries.