传统成本管理的困境研究

传统成本管理过去为提高企业效益作出了诸多贡献，然而随着时代的变迁与企业的改革，使得传统成本管理的效果受到了限制。下面，本文就传统成本管理陷入困境的原因进行分析，并探讨相应措施，以期从整体上提高企业的成本管理水平。     

电视台节目成本核算初探

电视台节目成本核算初探上海电视台邱坤元长期来，电视节目的成本核算与成本管理问题一直未能引起足够的重视。这里的原因是多方面的。从思想认识上冒，多年来广电系统存在着一种重政治、轻经济，重宣传、轻管理的偏向，对电视节目这一精神产品，只注重于政治属性这一面，...     

论作业成本法在商业银行预算考核中的运用

如何变粗放型增长为集约型增长，切实提高银行的经营效益和抗风险能力，是我国商业银行亟须解决的紧迫问题。在长期的重信贷指标、轻内部管理，重数量增长、轻质量提高的经营思路的主导下，国内商业银行成本观念淡漠，忽视成本效益比，忽视经营中的成本控制，也缺乏成本资料和必要的成本管理技术手段，     

开辟服务贸易外汇管理的新理念

从制度层面上看，我国服务贸易外汇管理法规总体上反映了传统的“宽进严出”、“内紧外松”和“重公轻私”的外汇管理理念，在新形势下，这些理念已有些不适应。     

预算资金成本效益研究

讲求成本和效益,是预算绩效管理的本质要求。近年来,各级财政和预算部门积极推进预算绩效管理,绩效理念逐渐深入,支出责任进一步强化,资金使用效益不断提高。但是,在预算资金管理上,"重分配、轻管理,重支出、轻绩效"的情况仍普遍存在,"不顾成本、不计代价"的现象还比较突出,特别是成本效益的理念和方法没有得到深入应用,造成支出责任淡化、资金     

加强企业财务管理之我见

改革开放以来，我国的企业虽然经过体制改革和机制转换，在某些方面形成了企业自己的特色，但与发展社会主义市场经济体制，建立现代企业制度对企业财务管理工作的要求相比还存在着明照的差距。主要存在着重实物管理，轻价值管理；重资金筹集，轻结构安排；重生产成本管理，轻资金成本控制；重当期收益，轻远期风险控制；重事后总结，轻事前预防；重强化企业内部管理，轻财务形象管理等现象。这些不足使企业资产总量失衡、营运效率低下、经济效益滑坡，有的甚至走入资不抵债的绝境。     

浅议施工企业如何进行成本管理

目前,施工企业普遍对成本管理不够重视,主要表现在:重生产规模,轻成本管理;重施工速度,轻成本控制;重质量,轻效益.成本管理的弱化导致了材料采购价高、质次,现场材料丢失浪费严重,作业机械使用效率低,民工使用过多,资源配置不当,储备过多,资金积压严重等问题.因此,为了改进成本管理,提高经济效益,本文认为施工企业应从以下几个方面进行改进:     

商业银行成本精细化管理思路与运用

长期以来，在特有的运行机制下，我国银行业逐渐形成了重信贷指标、轻内部管理，重数量增长、轻质量增长的经营特点。随着国际大融合的趋势，管理手段和工具相对落后的国内商业银行面临严峻的竞争和挑战。如何利用技术手段，推行成本精细化管理，降低经营成本，全面提升管理水平，构筑行业竞争优势，成为现阶段银行财务管理的核心内容。本文拟通过介绍SAP系统如何实现成本精细化管理，对国内商业银行实现财务管理的信息化作一初步的探索。     

现代企业制度下财务管理工作的探讨

改革开放以来，我国企业虽然经过体制改革和机制转换，在某些方面形成了自己的特色，但与发展社会主义市场经济体制，建立现代企业制度对企业财务工作的要求相比，还存在明显差异。目前我国企业财务管理工作实践中主要存在以下不足：（1）重使用价值实物管理，轻价值综合管理；（2）重资金总量筹集，轻筹资结构安排；（3）重生产成本管理，轻资金成本控制；（4）重当期收益，轻远期风险控制；（5）重事后总结，轻事前预防；（6）重强化企业内部管理，轻财务形象管理。     

关于成本效益分析在财政预算绩效管理中的应用——以山东省东营市为例

加强成本预算绩效管理，强调成本效益，是全面实施预算绩效管理的内在要求，是有效配置财政资源、提高公共服务供给质量的必然选择。为有效解决预算管理中存在的“重投入、轻成本”问题，山东省东营市积极开展成本预算绩效管理工作试点，通过搭建“1+2+N+1”矩阵式工作架构、创新“四位一体”绩效评价模式、推动“绩效+监督”业务协同联动，不断推动成本标准体系建设，强化成本效益分析结果运用，将成本绩效管理理念融入预算绩效管理全过程，切实提高财政资金使用效益。     

Risk Management and the Cost of Capital for Operating Assets

This article attempts to clarify the effect of risk management on a company's cost of capital in the spirit of the traditional M&M/CAPM model. The traditional cost of capital model can and should be used to find the hurdle rate for a company's operating assets, since it can be applied regardless of the composition of the firm's non‐operating assets or its risk management policy. The author's main message is that if a firm manages idiosyncratic risk, the correct cost of capital for the operating investment is not the firm's enterprise WACC, but rather the required return on the assets being funded. Using the case of a company with a single line of business that is evaluating an investment opportunity, the author demonstrates how to adjust the firm's overall WACC to find the cost of capital for the operating assets to be acquired.     

提升高校固定资产使用效益的有效途径研究

高校固定资产是一项价值占比较大的资产,在支撑学校的发展过程中起着相当重要的作用,但是高校长期以来养成了重投入轻效益、重实物轻价值、重使用轻责任、重存在轻利用等通病,为了更有效率地配置和使用高校固定资产,需要探索一条有效的路径,首先需要创新管理理念,其次需要通过实施严格的成本管理和责任承担、整理校内和区域间高校资源建设共用实验中心、淡化非经资产和经营资产界限而以科学指标体系予以考核、管理权与使用权分离等一系列措施,可以获得健康有序发展的良好效果。     

ECONOMIES OF SCALE IN MUTUAL FUND ADMINISTRATION

Since many mutual fund expenses are fixed costs, asset growth should reduce the ratio of fund expenses to average net assets. A translog cost function is estimated for a sample of 2,610 funds to evaluate the existence and extent of economies of scale in mutual fund administration. The elasticity of fund expenses with respect to fund assets is significantly less than one, indicating there are economies of scale in mutual fund administration. Average costs diminish over the full range of fund assets; however, the rapid decrease in average costs is exhausted by about $3.5 billion in fund assets.     

西部商业银行固定资产成本管理的实践与改进

通过分析商业银行固定资产成本管理中存在的问题,分析缺陷产生的原因,并借助实践活动来论证全面成本管理在优化企业财务资源配置和创造企业价值方面的先进作用。论文选取了商业银行固定资产管理这一微观视角,介绍了全面成本管理的方法论和问题解决的途径,并选取了部分实践案例,解答现实问题,指出改进了方向。     

On reaching for yield and the coexistence of bubbles and negative bubbles

We develop a model of financial intermediation wherein bank managers “reach for yield” – by overinvesting in risky assets and underinvesting in safer assets – provided they do not face much cost from liquidity shortfalls. The managers follow a pecking order in which their first preference is to invest in risky assets; their second preference is to hoard liquid assets; and their last preference is to invest in safer assets. This behavior is conducive to the formation of bubbles and “negative” bubbles in the market for risky and safer assets, respectively. Monetary loosening, by reducing the cost of liquidity shortfalls, induces further reach for yield and amplifies the bubbles.     

金融服务实体经济的效率及影响因素研究 ——基于商业银行资产负债的实证分析

本文首先深入分析了商业银行的资产负债管理行为,构建商业银行追求利润的资产负债管理模型,从理论上分析出商业银行将资产配置到实体经济领域的影响因素。在此基础上,从金融监管的角度出发,将商业银行的资产负债项目进一步分类为杠杆类、通道类,利用25家商业银行2009到2018年的面板数据,实证分析针对商业银行的杠杆类、通道类资产负债的监管,对金融支持实体经济力度、价格的影响效果。结果显示：银行支持实体经济力度方面,银行的杠杆率对银行支持实体经济力度有显著正向效果,但是资金通道长度对银行支持实体经济力度的影响并不显著;银行支持实体经济的资金价格方面,杠杆率对银行资金价格的影响并不显著,但是通道长度则会显著增加资金成本;商业银行的国有、股份制、城商行性质对银行支持实体经济力度的影响也不显著,但是同等条件下,商业银行的国有性质会显著降低资金价格水平。     

THE SUBJECTIVITY OF THE FASB'S CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK: A COMMENTARY ON BRYER

Bryer argues that the FASB's conceptual framework is inherently subjective because it is based on the concept of “economic value”, or the anticipated net cash inflows attributable to presently owned assets. By contrast, Marxist economics is based on objective facts that can be measured to a “socially required level of accuracy”. The objective facts of a Marxist conceptual framework rest on the theory that capital circulates in three forms: money, commodities to be sold, and commodities to be used in production. Capital, and, therefore assets, are essentially physical (or technical) in nature rather than monetary in nature. Measurement of assets is objective because Marxist theory emphasizes management stewardship and requires historical cost and a strict realization criterion for recognition of revenue. Bryer's argument that the FASB's conceptual framework is “unacceptably subjective” because it is based on “economic value” is misplaced. A careful reading of the FASB's concepts statements suggests that assets represent service-potential, or “use-value” in Marxist terms, and that economic-value is never advocated as a conceptual basis for the measurement of assets. The reason the FASB's conceptual framework is “subjective and vague” is that the FASB lacked the political will to advocate a conceptual preference for any particular measurement method.     

The Restoration Methodology for Valuing Goodwill

A method is proposed by which the goodwill of a business may be valued whenever the conventional accounting method is not available. This ‘restoration’ methodology involves using a combined cost and income approach to value the benefits a hypothetical purchaser of an operating business obtains, by reference to the costs, delays and risks it avoids, by acquiring the operating business rather than the business's identifiable assets alone. Such a value approximates that of the goodwill of the business. To provide some guidance as to how the restoration methodology might be used in a real situation, the actual sale of an interest in the Gove bauxite and alumina joint venture business is considered, where the existence and value of the business's goodwill was a factor in determining whether land‐rich stamp duty was payable in respect of the transaction. When the benefits gained by the purchaser of the Gove business are identified by reference to the costs, delays and risks it avoided by purchasing the business rather than the assets, it is not difficult to understand why such a sophisticated purchaser paid (and a pre‐empted purchaser was prepared to pay) an amount equal to or greater than the value of the business's identifiable assets in order to obtain those benefits.     

Secured Loans and Risky Assets in a Monetary Economy

We study the implication of secured credit with a default option for monetary equilibrium. The intermediary structure has the feature of costly state verification, with the monitoring cost interpreted as the cost of foreclosing assets once a default occurs. Without monitoring costs, uncertainty in asset payoffs does not matter for allocation. The asset price can exhibit a liquidity premium because more assets as collateral raises the borrower's credit limit. When there are monitoring costs, the asset's liquidity premium is strictly positive because pledging more assets reduces the default probability and thus the chance to incur monitoring costs. Under some circumstances, increased risk to dividends of the pledged asset may decrease the marginal borrowing cost to such an extent that bank lending rises, and higher default rates are accompanied by larger aggregate liquidity.     

Relative risk aversion once more: An analysis of Japanese households' financial asset holding pattern

It is widely accepted that as the total assets increse, households tend to diversify their portfolios. In other words, absolute risk aversion is decreasing. On the other hand, the proportion of risky assets may increase or decrease depending on whether relative risk aversion (RRA) is decreasing or increasing, and its direction is still left open as an empirical question. This study examines the constancy of RRA from Japanese individual households' financial asset holding data collected in 1984. Constant RRA implies that the proportion of risky assets in one's portfolio is constant regardless of the amount of total assets. A casual observation of household portfolio holding pattern suggests that this implication is clearly violated by the data, because there are substantial proportion of households which do not hold any risky assets. Zero-holding, however, may be interpreted as a result of fixed transaction cost incurred by individual investors when they hold risky assets. Then, we pose a question, ‘Do investors hold constant proportion of risky assets, when they decide to hold them?’ In order to explain a substantial number of zero risky asset holders in the sample, we propose a portfolio selection model with a transaction cost, and estimate the model using a variant of Heckman's two-step method. In estimation we control for individual investors' socioeconomic characteristics, as well as income and total assets. The construction of the model imposes nonlinear restrictions on the two estimators, from which we can test the specification of the model. The estimation results suggest that there is a statistically significant decreasing tendency linked to total assets but that its rate of change tapers off as total assets increase. Our results are consistent with the previous studies which tended to support constant RRA for the higher asset holders, and complement previous studies in explaining lower asset holders' investment behavior.