通货膨胀目标制的目标标准设计比较研究

通货膨胀目标标准设计是通货膨胀目标制实施过程中一个关键性问题.不同类别的国家所选择的目标标准表现出不同特征.就目标而言,大多数国家选择是区间目标,或一个点目标,允许一定百分点的上下浮动幅度范围.目标取值都在零通货膨胀率以上.在初期阶段目标期限偏短,在通货膨胀稳定时期,目标期限有加长的倾向.大多数国家使用总CPI指数作为度量标准,可调整的CPI如核心通货膨胀指标也逐渐受到一些国家的重视.     

我国通货膨胀水平变动的非线性动态特征分析

本文以门限自回归模型对1990年以来我国通货膨胀率水平的非线性动态特征进行了刻画,并进行了全局和机制内单位根检验。实证分析的结果表明,我国通货膨胀率变动存在显著的门限效应;在低通货膨胀机制中,其变动过程是平稳的;而在高通货膨胀机制中存在单位根,具有持久效应;两机制之间转换并不频繁,总体上,我国通货膨胀水平变动处于较好的稳定状态。     

“高增长低通胀”与宏观调控

“高增长低通胀”与宏观调控刘扬一、调控目标；高增长低通胀（一）经济增长率与通货膨胀率的多种组合通货膨胀是经济运行的集中表现，纵观改革以来的各次通货膨胀，每一次都是伴随着经济的高速增长而发生的，可以说，我国改革以来经济运行最突出的特征就是高增长、高通胀...     

稳定公众通胀预期的优选策略:通货膨胀目标制——基于制度特征的分析与借鉴

目前,我国通货膨胀预期压力日益加大,中央银行的货币政策调控面临巨大的挑战,作为西方国家成功实践的通货膨胀目标制,在实现低而稳定的通货膨胀预期方面取得了明显的成效.本文分析了通货膨胀目标制在稳定通胀预期方面的制度特征,结合我国实施通胀目标制所面临的货币政策困境,提出了增强中央银行的独立性与可信度、以通货膨胀目标制作为单一名义锚、建立合理的通货膨胀目标区间、采用核心消费价格指数、增强信息披露机制、完善监测指标体系等政策建议.     

产业结构调整与中国通货膨胀缺口持久性

转轨时期作为中国经济结构最重要内容的产业结构调整可能诱发通货膨胀缺口持久性的变化。本文将通货膨胀缺口作为通货膨胀持久性的替代变量,采用新凯恩斯混合菲利普斯曲线模型对1996～2010年期间中国通货膨胀的持久性特征进行了考察,并运用Blanchard-Quah结构分解方法分析了产业结构调整对通货膨胀缺口持久性的影响。结果表明,与现有研究的结果相比,单变量和多变量模型评估的中国通货膨胀缺口持久性都显著较低。通货膨胀缺口受第一、二、三产业结构冲击减弱至0的时期分别为3、3、2个季度;第一产业的发展对通胀缺口持久性的短期冲击为正,第二、三产业的冲击为负;总体而言,第一和第二产业的发展弱化了通货膨胀缺口持久性,第一产业的作用更为显著,而第三产业则强化了通货膨胀缺口持久性。各产业结构变化对通货膨胀缺口持久性的冲击力度大小分别为第一、三、二产业。因此,治理通货膨胀必须考虑产业结构调整因素的影响。     

中国通货膨胀合理区间定位方法的探讨

本文结合中国实际.综合运用菲利普斯曲线、奥肯定律、近似理性理论确定中国通货膨胀合理区间.当前我国还不太可能实行通货膨胀目标制,但建立控制通货膨胀的合理区间还是比较现实的选择.合理区间对于宏观调控具有重要的参考价值:通货膨胀率在合理区间内,政府可以通过适度扩张的货币政策来提高通货膨胀率,促进经济增长和充分就业的实现;超过合理区间的阀值就应采取有效的宏观调控措施抑制通货膨胀.     

中国股市波动特征的区制转移研究北大核心CSSCISSCI

本文运用马尔可夫区制转移GARCH模型研究2003～2009年期间中国股票市场的波动特征。实证结果显示．全球新型金融危机后的货币政策调整引起股票市场波动性特征发生显著变化。从2008年下半年开始．中国股票市场进入了一个波动性较大的时期,而且这种高波动特征持久性较强。研究结果表明,货币当局在制定货币政策时,亟需将股市波动性纳入到政策决策的信息集中．通过宏观审慎的政策调整来稳定金融市场．从而实现政策调整的预期目标。     

通货膨胀目标制的国际实践及其启示

一、通货膨胀目标制理论的内涵通货膨胀目标是由官方公开宣布未来一段时间内需要达到的通货膨胀目标或区间,明确承认低的、稳定的通货膨胀率是货币政策的首要长期目标(Bernanke,1999)。目标区间的宽度传达出中央银行对政策效应的不确定性进行评估的有用信息。在中央银行选择宣布目标区间的情况下.一个     

我国金融体系不同行业的依存度与联动效应研究

本文分析了金融业依存和联动机理,使用Markov时变SJC-Copula模型研究我国金融业四个子行业银行、证券、保险、信托之间的尾部依存结构和联动现象。研究发现,四个子行业间依存关系存在低依赖区制和高依赖区制两个区制,依存结构呈现出时变和非对称特征。各行业间依存关系在区制持久性、上下尾依赖强度等方面存在显著差异。总体而言,样本期内各行业呈现明显正相关,且上尾相关性强度普遍低于下尾相关性;此外,危机爆发期间各行业依赖性显著增加。鉴此,监管部门必须加强金融业宏观审慎监管,防范系统性风险。     

通货膨胀率的测度及其影响因素的实证分析

通货膨胀一直是我国关注的热点问题.本文首先对通货膨胀率的测度问题进行了探讨,提出将企业商品交易价格指数CGPI作为代表通货膨胀率的指标.然后建立模型对影响通货膨胀率的因素进行了实证分析,并对控制通货膨胀提出了相应的建议.     

On real interest rate dynamics and regime switching

We find evidence of regime switching dynamics in the USA and the UK real interest rates over the period 1881–2003. For the UK, there is a regime in which the real interest rate displays a relatively stronger mean-reversion and a regime in which it displays a relatively weaker mean-reversion. The former regime is characterized by a relatively larger error in the estimation of the reversion parameter, and higher volatility. For the USA, the two regimes differ in volatility. The probability of transition from one regime to another is found to be significantly related to the inflation rate regime, and to the political regime. The results highlight the importance of regime switching in the dynamics of the real interest rate, as well as the role of inflation and political regimes in explaining this switching.     

Stock returns,velocity dynamics and inflation volatility

ABSTRACT

Our model relates the variability of stock returns to the variability of consumption velocity and shows that real stock returns tend to co-vary negatively with expected inflation in a period (or regime) of low and stable inflation and to co-vary positively with expected inflation in a period (or regime) of high and volatile inflation. Long-run real stock returns are shown to be positively related to expected inflation. Our empirical results for 20 countries provide consistent support for our propositions, indicating that the standard deviation of the annual inflation rate roughly equal to 10% is the dividing line between negative and positive return-inflation relations.     

Reconsidering the Relationship between Inflation and Relative Price Variability

It has long been popularly believed that the relationship between inflation and relative price variability (RPV) is positive and stable. Using disaggregated CPI data for the United States and Japan, however, this study finds that the relationship is neither linear nor stable over time. The overall relationship is approximately U‐shaped around a nonzero threshold inflation rate. RPV therefore changes not with the inflation rate per se, but with the deviation of inflation from the threshold inflation rate. More importantly, the relationship is by no means stable over time but instead varies significantly in a way that coincides with regime changes of inflation or monetary policy. The relationship was positive during the period of high inflation of the 1970s and the early 1980s, as has been documented by a number of previous studies, whereas it takes a U‐shape profile during the Great Moderation. The results are robust to the use of core inflation, which excludes the traditionally volatile prices of food and energy. This paper then presents a modified version of the Calvo‐type sticky price model to describe the observed empirical regularities. Simulation experiments show that the modified Calvo model fits the data well, and that the underlying relationship hinges upon the degree of price rigidity, which is systematically related to inflation regime. For countries and periods with low inflation rates, the relationship takes a U‐shape as price adjustment is more sticky. In a high‐inflation environment, when price setting becomes more flexible, the U‐shaped profile vanishes.     

Do fundamentals matter for the D-Mark/Euro–Dollar? A regime switching approach

In this paper, we demonstrate that there is evidence of an unstable and nonlinear relationship between fundamentals and exchange rates. Modeling this time-varying nature of the importance of fundamentals in a Markov switching framework substantially improves the fit of the real interest rate differential model and leads to parameter estimates, which in one regime are in line with theoretical expectations and allow us to draw reasonable conclusions on the influence of fundamentals on exchange rate dynamics. Factors that prove to be closely related to regime switches are short-term interest rate, inflation differentials and differences in economic growth. Therefore, fundamentals do not only matter for the exchange rate within each regime, but are also related to the switches between the regimes.     

Pegged Exchange Rate Regimes—A Trap?

We analyze the role of an exchange rate peg as a commitment mechanism to achieve inflation stability when multiple equilibria are possible. We show that there are ex ante large gains from choosing a more conservative regime not only in order to mitigate inflation bias from time inconsistency but also to avoid high inflation equilibria. In these circumstances, using a pegged exchange rate as an anti-inflation commitment device can create a "trap" whereby the regime initially confers gains in anti-inflation credibility but ultimately results in an exit occasioned by a big enough adverse real shock that creates large welfare losses to the economy.     

Inflation targeting in Brazil: constructing credibility under exchange rate volatility

This paper assesses the challenges faced by the inflation-targeting regime in Brazil. The inflation-targeting framework has played a critical role in macroeconomic stabilization. We stress two important challenges: construction of credibility and exchange rate volatility. The estimations indicate the following results: (i) the inflation targets have worked as an important coordinator of expectations; (ii) the Central Bank has reacted strongly to inflation expectations; (iii) there has been a reduction in the degree of inflation persistence; and (iv) the exchange rate pass-through for “administered or monitored” prices is two times higher than for “market” prices.     

通胀目标调整、政策可信度与宏观调控效应北大核心

本文通过构建包含范式转变特征的DSGE模型,对通胀目标调整过程中的结构性变化以及政策可信度如何影响这一结构转变进行研究,并在此基础上分析通胀目标调整过程中政策可信度对宏观经济波动的调控效应。本文分析得到:在政策当局做出政策目标调整后,如果市场预期这一政策可信,那么主要经济变量将会在政策调整期内达到目标均衡水平;反之,如果市场预期这一政策不可信,那么市场预期和政策目标之间的分歧将使得主要经济变量偏离目标均衡水平,导致政策调整无法实现其既定目标。同时,政策可信度不仅有助于实现既定的政策目标,还能降低政策实施过程中的经济波动,具有较好的宏观调控效应,从而降低政策实施成本。特别是,政策可信度对宏观经济波动的这一稳定效应在中长期内更为明显。本文分析为理解经济结构性转变过程中的政策信用和预期管理等问题提供了一些新的思路和方法。     

Macroeconomic uncertainty and performance in the European Union

We use a very general bivariate GARCH-M model and monthly data on EU countries covering the 1962–2003 period to test for the impact of real (output growth) and nominal (inflation) macroeconomic uncertainty on inflation and output growth. Our evidence supports a number of important conclusions. First, in the majority of countries uncertainty regarding the output growth rate is related to the average growth rate and the effect in several countries is negative. Second, in half of the cases there is no significant relationship between inflation uncertainty and output growth performance. Third, inflation and output uncertainty have a mixed effect on inflation. Nevertheless, considerable evidence for the Cukierman–Meltzer hypothesis is obtained. Our conclusions are based on adopting both a structural and a reduced-form bivariate GARCH model. Finally, we also find statistically significant evidence of regime switching for both inflation and output growth volatility throughout the sample.     

Is Disinflation Good for the Stock Market?

The stock market appreciates by an average of 24 percent in real dollar terms when countries attempt to stabilize annual inflation rates that are greater than 40 percent. In contrast, the average market response is 0 when the pre–stabilization rate of inflation is less than 40 percent. These results suggest that the potential long–run benefits of stabilization may dominate short–run costs at high levels of inflation, but at low to moderate levels of inflation, benefits may be offset by costs in a present value sense. Stock market responses also help predict the change in inflation and output in the year following all 81 stabilization efforts.