河南省金融发展与收入分配问题的实证研究

当前,河南省居民收入分配差距扩大的负面影响日益显现,改善居民收入分配状况已成为人们的广泛共识。我们从河南省金融发展与收入分配的总体状况入手,剖析了金融发展与城乡居民收入差距的影响因素,探讨了金融发展对改善收入分配不平等状况的效应,并在采用新的集总方法的基础上,从实证角度检验了河南省收入差距与经济增长之间存在"库兹涅茨效应",但河南收入差距与金融发展之间不存在倒U型曲线关系,并针对性地提出了具有较强操作性的政策建议。     

金融发展与收入分配问题研究——以河南省为例

当前中国收入分配差距不断扩大、收入分配不平等状况亟待改善已经成为共识。从金融发展的视角,分析其与收入分配的关系,并以此研究河南省收入差距与经济增长之间的关系,提出了改善收入分配的金融政策建议。     

我国金融发展与收入分配关系问题分析

金融发展与收入分配之间的关系在经济研究中往往被忽视，本文研究我国改革开放以来二者之间的关系及其影响。我国宏观国民收入分配比重逐渐向居民个人倾斜，企业和政府的比重持续下降，同时收入分配差距呈逐渐扩大的趋势。在宏观收入分配结构变化和收入分配差距扩大的共同作用下，我国储蓄率保持高水平，金融总量快速增长。我国金融发展主要表现为金融总量的扩张，而金融发展总体水平仍滞后于金融总量的扩张。在目前的收入分配状况下，金融发展滞后对我国的经济发展造成不利影响。为此，本文提出了相应的建议。     

普惠金融可持续发展的着力点

<正>我国普惠金融快速发展,在支持国民经济的薄弱环节、调整经济结构等方面作用显著。然而,随着近年来部分中小金融机构风险的逐步暴露,普惠金融可持续发展问题值得进一步关注。普惠金融是经济社会均衡发展和银行经营的需要普惠金融对经济社会发展具有正向外部效应。一是消除贫困,促进公平分配。普惠金融立足消除金融排斥,降低金融服务门槛,减少弱势群体边缘化现象,促进收入公平分配,缩小城乡收入分配差距。     

中国农村金融排斥态势与金融普惠策略分析

我国农村金融市场存在严重的金融排斥现象,贫困农户是典型的"边缘借款人"。普惠金融理念的提出,对于打破金融排斥、推进我国农村金融制度改革、增加农户收入有重要作用。本文通过考察中国农村金融排斥态势与金融普惠面临的挑战,对农村金融普惠的策略选择进行探讨,并提出了相关建议。     

普惠金融调节收入分配之功能研究

普惠金融致力于减少金融排斥，被赋予向弱势群体提供发展资源与机会、增加收入来源，进而调节社会收入分配的功能。本文首先基于马克思主义经济学的经典论述和“以人民为中心”的金融思想，并参考西方经济学的相关理论学说，探寻普惠金融调节收入分配的逻辑起点；其次，从初次分配、再次分配及第三次分配视角，分析普惠金融调节收入分配的具体机制；再次，从处理好公平和效率关系视角，论述影响普惠金融发挥调节收入分配功能的四个方面关键问题，即普惠金融发展中的包容性与排他性之辩、政府引导与市场主导之辩、利率上限与商业可持续之辩以及规模与合规之辩；最后，就进一步发挥普惠金融调节收入分配功能、促进实现共同富裕提出对策建议：一是继续完善差异化的普惠金融供给体系，覆盖各个方面的客户群体，减少金融排斥，将金融资源配置到生产流通和消费的各个环节；二是构建和谐有效的普惠金融需求体系，甄选有效的普惠金融服务对象，避免普惠金融资源的无效或低效配置；三是完善促进普惠金融可持续、规范发展的生态环境，完善金融基础设施建设，推动普惠金融服务价格下行，坚持“持牌经营”原则，严格金融机构准入，落实普惠金融业务差异化监管。     

国民收入分配结构影响我国金融超常增长

对我国金融增长与收入分配间内在联系的研究表明，我国国民收入分配的部门结构和收入分配差距的拉大促进了我国金融的快速增长，收入分配结构的变化可以为我国金融超常增长提供有力的解释。同时也说明，在收入水平一定的情况下，收入分配结构的不同将导致不同的金融增长水平。     

金融资源配置效率与农村金融排斥——基于农户收入分层的视角

本文构建了不同收入层农户的借贷违约风险结构模型,并利用该模型深入分析了不同收入层农户的违约风险、对金融机构资源配置效率的影响和不同收入层农户所遭受的金融排斥类型。研究结果表明:在农户高、中、低三个收入层中,金融资源倾向于流入高收入层,高收入层最不容易受到金融排斥。中收入层金融资源的利用效率最高,却最容易受到农村金融机构的供给排斥。低收入层对金融资源的有效需求不足,受到的金融排斥更多地表现为自我排斥。因此建立一个多元化格局、适合不同收入层农户金融需求特点的农村金融体系是提高农村金融资源利用效率、缓解农村金融排斥的一个合理有效的途径。     

金融资源配置效率与农村金融排斥--基于农户收入分层的视角

本文构建了不同收入层农户的借贷违约风险结构模型,并利用该模型深入分析了不同收入层农户的违约风险、对金融机构资源配置效率的影响和不同收入层农户所遭受的金融排斥类型。研究结果表明：在农户高、中、低三个收入层中,金融资源倾向于流入高收入层,高收入层最不容易受到金融排斥。中收入层金融资源的利用效率最高,却最容易受到农村金融机构的供给排斥。低收入层对金融资源的有效需求不足,受到的金融排斥更多地表现为自我排斥。因此建立一个多元化格局、适合不同收入层农户金融需求特点的农村金融体系是提高农村金融资源利用效率、缓解农村金融排斥的一个合理有效的途径。     

中国金融自由化效应分解：经济增长、金融风险以及收入分配

本文研究了改革开放以来中国金融自由化对经济增长、宏观金融风险以及收入分配的影响.首先构建我国的金融自由化、金融风险和收入分配指数,然后将金融自由化的效应分解为经济增长效应、金融风险效应以及收入分配效应.实证研究发现:金融自由化与经济增长、金融风险以及收入分配存在长期稳定的均衡关系.金融自由化促进了经济增长,减少了金融风险,增加了收入分配差距.误差修正项均具有对偏离均衡的调整作用,金融自由化对经济增长和收入分配差距产生正的冲击,对金融风险先是正的冲击,然后是负的冲击.金融自由化的效应最明显的是经济增长效应,其次是金融风险效应,收入分配效应最小.     

教育与资本怎样的前景怎样的现实

来自政府的声音: "动员各种社会资源,发展教育" 此次论坛上财政部长助理张少春的发言是最受关注的发言之一.他的演讲传达出的信息有这样几方面:第一,谈到现实,他认为全社会对教育的巨大需求与我国公共投入不足已成为我国教育事业发展的突出矛盾.近年来,以公共部门投入为主,多渠道筹措教育经费的教育投入机制成为解决这一问题的重要途径,也使得公共部门与私营部门在教育领域的合作日益密切.第二,谈到前景,他认为,1.中国经济持续、快速的增长对高技能人才产生巨大的需求,这为私营部门的参与提供了广阔空间.2.随着公共财政职能的不断完善,财政资金将在各项教育事业中重新进行分配,进一步优化财政支出结构,提高资金的使用效率.在"十一五"期间,我国将把公共支出的重点转移到农村.我们将逐步把全体农村适龄儿童的义务教育全部纳入公共财政体制.     

Debt and Taxes and Uncertainty

With a graduated personal tax schedule, Miller showed that there could be an equilibrium debt supply for the corporate sector as a whole. In the presence of uncertainty there is also a unique debt/equity ratio for each individual firm, and this ratio is related to the firm's operational risk characteristics. However, if firms merge and spin off in response to tax incentives, the identity of firms is ambiguous and only the corporate sector is a meaningful construct. These arguments are developed in both discrete and continuous models that employ extensions of the arbitrage-free pricing theory.     

East and west and north and south : A preliminary model

The Brandt report and other proposals for a new North-South world order continue to be the focus of lively debate, yet it is often argued that little concrete has emerged from their recommendations. A major reason for this, the author argues, is that the East-West conflict component is not sufficiently taken into consideration-East-West tensions are a severe constraint on and a determining factor of North-South relations. Using influence diagrams, the author develops a flexible framework for discussion and assessment of N/S-E/W relations.     

Tournament-based incentives and mergers and acquisitions

This research examines the relation between tournament-based incentives, which are proxied by the difference between a firm's CEO pay and the median pay of the senior managers, and mergers and acquisitions (M&As). We find that tournament-based incentives are positively related to firm acquisitiveness and acquiring firms' stock and operating performance. Further analysis indicates that positive acquisition performance increases the likelihood of the CEO being promoted from inside the acquiring firm. Our evidence is consistent with the view that tournament-based incentives motivate acquiring firms' managers to make greater efforts and take more risk that result in superior acquisition performance.     

Corporate Innovations and Mergers and Acquisitions

Using a large and unique patent‐merger data set over the period 1984 to 2006, we show that companies with large patent portfolios and low R&D expenses are acquirers, while companies with high R&D expenses and slow growth in patent output are targets. Further, technological overlap between firm pairs has a positive effect on transaction incidence, and this effect is reduced for firm pairs that overlap in product markets. We also show that acquirers with prior technological linkage to their target firms produce more patents afterwards. We conclude that synergies obtained from combining innovation capabilities are important drivers of acquisitions.     

Trust and cross-border mergers and acquisitions

A number of studies suggest that social trust matters for investment. Using different measures of trust from World Values Survey, we show that countries where people display higher levels of trust engage in more cross-border M&A activities. When they do, these acquirers pay lower premiums. To the extent that these acquirers also tend to engage in larger acquisitions as well, our findings suggest that a larger selection pool of potential targets and higher value targets enable these acquirers to negotiate for lower premiums. We do not find evidence of the significant effect for target country trust levels. Hence, trust may benefit those acquiring firms in cross-border transactions.     

Director gender and mergers and acquisitions

Does director gender influence CEO empire building? Does it affect the bid premium paid for target firms? Less overconfident female directors less overestimate merger gains. As a result, firms with female directors are less likely to make acquisitions and if they do, pay lower bid premia. Using acquisition bids by S&P 1500 companies during 1997–2009 we find that each additional female director is associated with 7.6% fewer bids, and each additional female director on a bidder board reduces the bid premium paid by 15.4%. Our findings support the notion that female directors help create shareholder value through their influence on acquisition decisions. We also discuss other possible interpretations of our findings.