Cost savings from trajectory deviations in the European air space

Air transport deregulation has lead to an increase of air traffic, together with a reduction of air fares. Air fare reduction has narrowed operational margins of airlines, bringing financial and employment instability. This has brought airlines to pay increasing attention to flying costs reduction. Two important components of flying costs airlines can try to cut modifying the planned flight are en route charges and operational costs. We rely on Demand Data Repository (DDR2) data to calculate deviations from planned flight trajectories to analyse the extent to what airlines try to cut operational costs making shorter flights than planned if possible, and cut en route charges providing a planned flight with lower en route charges than the planned flight. Our findings show that there is no generalised strategy among airlines to reduce en-route charges asking for deviations of the planned route. On the other hand, airlines are achieving savings of operational costs regularly. Higher savings per nautical mile are obtained in night flights, with longer planned distance and operated by low cost carriers.     

浅谈如何控制投标单位在公路工程投标中的风险

参加公路工程投标对于投标单位来说存在很大风险,文章从几个方面阐述了投标单位在公路工程投标中应如何控制风险,具有一定的参考价值和借鉴意义。     

Airline flight networks, cycle times, and profitability: 2004–2006

This research investigates the relationships between airline flight networks, aircraft cycle times, and carrier profitability for ten large US domestic airlines. We find that direct point-to-point flight networks and short cycle times are operational factors that airlines should exploit to improve profitability. These findings are based on the analysis of 11.9 million flight records from 2004 through 2006. The results contradict earlier research validating performance advantages of hub-and-spoke flight networks. Today, the advantages of passenger consolidation at hub airports are lost to lower aircraft utilization and productivity problems created by the extended cycle times at hubs. We also find that airline operating profit can be increased by improving the efficiency of the aircraft turnaround process and decreasing aircraft fleet complexity. This research also provides an estimate of the marginal opportunity cost of ground time. A 1-min reduction in aircraft fleet ground time increases the average sized carriers’ operating income by $12 to $18 million.     

浅谈如何控制投标单位在公路工程投标中的风险

参加公路工程投标对于投标单位来说存在很大风险,文章从几个方面阐述了投标单位在公路工程投标中应如何控制风险,具有一定的参考价值和借鉴意义。     

中国P2P网络借贷平台风险及其决定因素研究

研究目标：中国网络借贷平台风险及其决定因素。研究方法：在分析整体特征、检验问题与正常平台风险差异基础上,运用Logistic模型分析平台出险的决定因素,并进行包括Probit模型在内的稳健性检验。研究发现：整体上,平台基本为民营公司,整体实力弱;股东少,公司治理机制弱;利率高,业务集中度风险高,违约控制措施少;营运两极分化。结构上,问题类平台与正常平台之间的道德风险及公司治理、营运风险差异显著;标的利率、业务多元化、违约控制措施也差异显著。道德风险及公司治理、信用管理和营运风险越高,平台出问题的可能性越大。研究创新：提出四类风险假设及指标体系并进行实证检验。研究价值：防范平台出险,确保其健康发展。     

中国金融市场风险与宏观经济景气之间的关联动态研究

为了揭示中国金融体系与宏观经济运行的系列结构性变化及其关联动态,文章分别基于货币流动性宽松程度、剩余收益模型以及银行资产负债表,对中国货币市场、股票市场与银行体系的风险进行了测度和评估;并在分析上述三个金融子市场风险变动规律及其传递机制的基础上,运用时变参数向量自回归模型实证检验了各金融市场风险与宏观经济景气之间的关联动态。研究发现:在金融危机爆发前后,不同金融市场风险之间的传递关系发生了重要转变,并且与宏观经济景气变动之间的交互影响也存在显著的阶段性差异,呈现出"良性循环"与"恶性螺旋"的非对称性切换。这些研究为中国新时期积极转变宏观经济调控政策决策机制、创新宏观经济调控与金融监管模式,实现宏观经济与金融体系的双重稳定提供了有益的经验依据与政策启示。     

Shadow banking shadowed in banks’ balance sheets: Evidence from China’s commercial banks

Using hand‐collected data, we creatively construct an ‘on‐balance‐sheet shadow banking business’ (OBS‐SBB) measure to precisely quantify commercial banks’ shadow banking activity concealed on their balance sheets. We show that OBS‐SBB activities could both increase individual and systemic risks. To further test the underlying mechanisms, we use China’s implementation of Basel III as an exogenous shock and employ the difference‐in‐differences approach. We find that banks demand OBS‐SBB in order to bypass capital requirements, previously less‐capitalised banks significantly increase their OBS‐SBB ex‐post, and greater impact is found among small and medium‐sized banks and during loose monetary policy periods.     

Expected shortfall estimation for apparently infinite-mean models of operational risk

Statistical analyses on actual data depict operational risk as an extremely heavy-tailed phenomenon, able to generate losses so extreme as to suggest the use of infinite-mean models. But no loss can actually destroy more than the entire value of a bank or of a company, and this upper bound should be considered when dealing with tail-risk assessment. Introducing what we call the dual distribution, we show how to deal with heavy-tailed phenomena with a remote yet finite upper bound. We provide methods to compute relevant tail quantities such as the Expected Shortfall, which is not available under infinite-mean models, allowing adequate provisioning and capital allocation. This also permits a measurement of fragility. The main difference between our approach and a simple truncation is in the smoothness of the transformation between the original and the dual distribution. Our methodology is useful with apparently infinite-mean phenomena, as in the case of operational risk, but it can be applied in all those situations involving extreme fat tails and bounded support.     

我国商业银行贷款集中度的测算及效应分析

近年来,商业银行信贷集中问题逐渐显现,正确认识信贷集中度及其影响对我国经济和金融业的稳定具有重要意义。本文用行业集中度、地区集中度、客户集中度三个指标来衡量我国商业银行的贷款集中度,以15家上市银行为研究样本进行了测算,在此基础上,将其分为三组同质同类银行,采用时间序列截面数据分别建立回归模型,考察了各组同质同类银行的贷款集中度对收益及风险的影响。     

企业信用风险与宏观经济变量的相关性研究

本文利用Logit模型和多元回归模型,分析了宏观经济变量对企业总体和个体信用风险的影响,认为相对于个体信用风险而言,宏观经济变量对总体信用风险的影响更加显著。