Competition for goods in buyer-seller networks

Abstract. This paper studies competition in a network and how a network structure determines agents' individual payoffs. It constructs a general model of competition that can serve as a reduced form for specific models. The paper shows how agents' outside options, and hence their shares of surplus, derive from “opportunity paths” connecting them to direct and indirect alternative exchanges. Analyzing these paths, results show how third parties' links affect different agents' bargaining power. Even distant links may have large effects on agents' earnings. These payoff results, and the identification of the paths themselves, should prove useful to further analysis of network structure.     

我国商业银行金融创新新途径:结构性理财——动因、问题及对策

近年,商业银行从传统以信贷利息为主要收入来源格局逐渐转为非利息收入加快增长态势。结构性理财产品发展迅速,成为理财产品发行的主导产品。结构性理财产品如结构性存款能改善银行负债状况,对于利率风险和信用风险等有自身化解能力。对商业银行的收入构成、风险控制有其独特作用。本文将结构性理财和非结构性理财进行了比较,对典型的结构性理财产品运作模式作了图解分析。最近,由于零收益率产品市场反映强烈,银行迫切需要在投资者教育和自身设计能力方面加大力气。     

What determines early exercise of employee stock options in Australia?

Employee stock options (ESOs) are a popular way of remunerating employees. We analyse factors at the firm and option level affecting the employee's decision to exercise ESOs before they mature. Exercises over the period 1998–2004 are analysed and the key factor influencing early exercise is found to be dividends. Exercises frequently occur well before maturity, but in most cases little time value is sacrificed. Our findings have implications for the ‘fair’ valuation of ESOs in companies’ financial statements, as required by the relevant Australian accounting standard, AASB 2.     

实物期权在自然资源投资中的应用

文章对有关自然资源投资中应用实物期权的文献进行了回顾,探讨了资源商品价格、储量估价、勘探阶段的信息投资期权、开发阶段的PSS模型、生产阶段的Smith 和 McCardle模型,并指出资源商品的价格过程、储量价值与资源商品价格的关系、生产项目的价值函数、基于实物期权的投资业绩计量、投资项目的权利义务框架及投资项目有关义务的建模等问题是未来研究的重点.     

房地产估价的实物期权方法研究

目前我国房地产估价理论与方法仍处在探索阶段，房地产估价需要多元化拓展。该文通过理论研究和实例分析，研究了基于实物期权的房地产估价方法，它比现行的房地产投估价更加科学有效，并具有较强的可操作性。     

Duration analysis of venture capital staging: A real options perspective

This study takes a real options perspective towards venture capital staging and views the staging decision as a choice between holding the current option to invest and investing now to obtain the option to invest subsequently. It proposes that this staging decision depends on the factors that influence the value of these two options, such as competition and various sources of uncertainty. The empirical results suggest that market uncertainty encourages venture capital firms to delay investing at each round of financing, whereas competition, project-specific uncertainty and agency concerns prompt venture capital firms to invest sooner. This study has useful implications for theory and practice.     

欧式期权定价的Monte-Carlo方法

讨论各种欧式期权价格的Monte-Carlo方法。根据Black-Scholes期权定价模型以及风险中性理论,首先详细地讨论如何利用Monte-Carlo方法来计算标准欧式期权价格;然后讨论如何引入控制变量以及对称变量来提高Monte-Carlo方法的精确性;最后用Monte-Carlo方法来计算标准欧式期权、欧式—两值期权、欧式—回望期权以及欧式—亚式期权的价格,并讨论相关方法的优缺点。     

DIFFUSION MODELS FOR EXCHANGE RATES IN A TARGET ZONE

We present two analytically tractable diffusion models for an exchange rate in a target zone. One model generalizes a model proposed by De Jong, Drost, and Werker (2001) to allow asymmetry between the currencies which is often an important feature of data. Estimation of the model parameters by the method of Kessler and Sørensen (1999) using eigenfunctions of the generator is investigated and shown to give well-behaved estimators that are easy to calculate. The method is well suited to the models because the eigenfunctions are known so that explicit estimating functions are obtained, and because the state space is a finite interval, for which it is known that the method can be made arbitrarily efficient by including sufficiently many eigenfunctions. The model fits data on exchange rates in the European Monetary System well. In particular, the asymmetry parameter is significantly different from zero for three out of four currencies. An alternative diffusion model is presented with similarly nice properties, but with different dynamics that allow constant volatility near the boundaries of the target zone. No-arbitrage pricing of derivative assets is considered, and the effect of realignments is briefly discussed.     

实物期权的资源能力基础

目前在实物期权的研究工作中,对于实物期权的资源能力基础尚缺乏研究,在实物期权产生于资源、能力与市场机会的匹配上,其价值不仅取决于执行价格、标的资产的价格等,还取决于自身的能力、资源和市场竞争等因素。     

创业投资的风险特征与实物期权

创业投资具有其风险特点,创业投资的风险特点决定了它的期权特征,创业投资家在创业投资决策中广泛运用实物期权方法,能有效地控制损失和防范风险,实现其收益最大化,以期进一步推动我国创业投资事业的蓬勃发展。