Neighborhood as Spatial Project: Making the Urban Order on the Downtown Brooklyn Waterfront

This article argues for a reconceptualization of one of the most basic concepts in urban studies: the neighborhood. Traditionally neighborhoods have been understood as clearly bounded, quasi‐Westphalian containers or as ‘natural areas’ of urban community. But this approach is widely acknowledged to be under‐theorized. And it fails to account for the ways in which the production of neighborhood is inherently political and often conflictual. After reviewing the ways in which neighborhood has been used in urban sociology and urban planning, this article offers a critical conception of neighborhoods as ‘spatial projects’ on the submetropolitan scale. This approach captures the ways in which neighborhoods are not abstract spaces on a city map, but the uneven, unequal products of complex, ongoing struggles between various groups and institutions. This approach is developed through an ethnographic and historical case study of neighborhood formation in one part of Brooklyn, New York. The article concludes with a discussion of how the language of spatial projects refocuses urban research on the political and economic forces that produce neighborhood in the contemporary city.     

平顶山市休闲农业不同区域的发展潜力评价

[目的]对平顶山市休闲农业的空间分布特征及其发展潜力进行分析和评价,以期为平顶山市休闲农业的可持续发展提供参考和借鉴。[方法]文章对平顶山市休闲农业空间布局分区论述,并采用层次分析法构建平顶山市休闲农业发展潜力指标评价体系,确定指标权重,然后根据各指标的游客和当地农民的打分值与权重值加权计算不同区域的发展潜力指数并比较发展潜力大小。[结果]根据区域位置和地理环境以及休闲农业发展速度,将平顶山市休闲农业划分为北部山区休闲农业区、东部城乡休闲农业区、南部现代休闲农业区和西部傍水休闲农业区4个区域,各区域发展特点突出。对各指标权重值与打分值的加权求和计算得到的不同区域发展潜力指数看出,西部傍水休闲农业区的发展潜力最大,其次为北部山区休闲农业区,再者是南部现代休闲农业区,东部城郊休闲农业区的发展潜力最小。[结论]平顶山市休闲农业发展前景广阔,具有可持续发展的巨大潜力。由于地理区位和交通基础设施建设及环境条件和农业基础的差异,平顶山市的休闲农业可分为东西南北4个发展区域,其中西部傍水休闲农业区和北部山区休闲农业区具有较大的发展潜力,平顶山市可将其作为重点发展对象,重点打造水岸和山村休闲农业游,借助发展优势突出区域特色。     

基于DEA方法的中国农业水资源利用效率研究

[目的]以我国各省市2008~2015年农业水资源利用效率为研究对象,探究我国农业水资源利用效率的规律与特点,并基于此提出促进农业水资源合理利用的建议。[方法]主要采用了文献研究法、统计分析法和数据包络分析(DEA)法。通过文献搜集我国各省市2008~2015年与农业水资源利用相关的数据,构建DEA模型,对我国近年来农业水资源利用效率进行评价。[结果]2008~2015年,我国农业水资源利用效率在0.80上下浮动。各省市农业水资源利用效率随时间变化趋势不同。甘肃和上海的农业水资源利用效率涨幅最大,年增长率分别为4.39%和2.74%;山西、江西以及陕西省的农业水资源利用效率整体趋于下降;浙江、湖南以及陕西和新疆的农业水资源利用效率有先上升后下降的特点,表现出明显的波动。此外,农业水资源利用效率区域分化明显。东部地区农业水资源利用效率一般高于0.80,中部地区位于0.60~0.80,西部地区农业水资源利用效率一般低于0.60。[结论]2008~2015年,我国农业水资源利用效率表现出一定的时间差异性和空间差异性。时间差异性:我国农业水资源利用效率一直处于较高水平并呈现逐年增长趋势,不同省份的农业水资源利用效率随时间变动趋势各异。空间差异性:东部地区农业水资源利用效率最高,中东部地区农业水资源利用效率甚至达到了最优,中部地区其次,西部省区农业水资源利用效率最低。农业水资源利用效率受当地政策、经济发展水平、农业发展水平、水资源总量和人口压力等因素影响严重,今后应针对不同地区采取不同措施解决实际问题。     

DEFINING RELEVANT MARKETS FOR PHARMACEUTICALS

To identify the relevant product markets for Swedish pharmaceuticals, a spatial econometrics approach is employed. First, we calculate Moran's Is for different market definitions and then we use a spatial Durbin model to determine the effect of price changes on quantity sold of own and competing products. As expected, the results show that competition is strongest between close substitutes; however, the relevant product markets for Swedish pharmaceuticals extend beyond close substitutes down to products included in the same class on the four‐digit level of the Anatomic Therapeutic Chemical system as defined by the World Health Organization. The spatial regression model further indicates that increases in the price of a product significantly lower quantity sold of that product and in the same time increase the quantity sold of competing products. For close substitutes (products belonging to the same class on the seven‐digit level of the Anatomic Therapeutic Chemical system), as well as for products that, without being close substitutes, belong to the same therapeutic/pharmacological/chemical subgroup (the same class on the five‐digit level of the Anatomic Therapeutic Chemical system), increased competition is also visible after 1 July 2009 when the latest policy changes with regards to pharmaceuticals have been implemented in Sweden.     

甘肃省耕地质量等别特征与空间分布研究

[目的]摸清甘肃省耕地质量空间分布地区差异,整体把握全省耕地质量状况,以期为耕地保护策略制定提供参考依据。[方法]文章基于Arc GIS 10.0软件,以2015年耕地质量等别更新评价县级数据和省级汇总数据为主,采用克里格空间插值法研究了省域范围内耕地质量的空间格局,采用对比研究法、分类统计法分析了全省、各市州及各区域的耕地质量状况。[结果](1)甘肃省存在4个中等质量耕地分布区域。自然质量等别、利用等别和经济等别下的中等质量等值区逐渐缩小:在陇南逐步向东南方向缩进,在河西走廊逐步由张掖向西北缩进,在兰州白银一带由带状区域缩小至零星区块;(2)全省耕地质量分布在8~15等,平均为13.1等,比全国耕地平均等别低3.1等;(3)各市(州)和各二级区耕地质量等别差异明显,中等地主要分布在河西走廊地区,低等地集中在陇东和陇中地区。[结论]甘肃省耕地质量等别总体偏低,基于耕地质量的耕地保护策略值得决策部门进一步关注,应持续研究耕地质量随时间的变化态势并在评价过程中考虑"土壤污染"因素。     

基于两次平衡计算的南昌市耕作层土壤剥离再利用空间配置研究

研究目的:探讨耕作层土壤剥离再利用空间配置思路与方法,并以南昌市为例进行实证研究,为相关工作提供借鉴。研究方法:提出基于线性规划及OD成本矩阵方法的两次平衡计算的耕作层土壤剥离再利用土方空间配置思路。首先,确定剥离、覆土优先度并结合供求关系划定供需圈,在供需圈内部进行第一次调配平衡;其次,对于内部不能平衡的供需圈,进行第二次跨圈调配平衡,达到缩短运输距离,控制成本目的。研究结果:(1)南昌市耕作层剥离量能够满足覆土数量与质量的需求;(2)空间配置结果共划定18个供需圈,供需圈内土方调配加权平均运输距离为6 682 m,小于期望值10 km,满足项目实施要求;(3)共有15个供需圈存在土方量不平衡问题,跨圈调配的距离平均为72 071 m,满足短距离运输的要求。研究结论:以耕作层土壤剥离、覆土优先度及供求关系为基础划定供需圈,基于线性规划及OD成本矩阵的两次平衡计算的空间配置思路与方法,可以优化运输距离,减少运输成本,提高项目实施效益。本文提出的空间配置思路可以为耕作层剥离再利用工程的顺利实施提供理论与方法借鉴。     

沈阳城市周边耕地多功能评价

[目的]为探索城市化影响下城市周边耕地多功能的现状,分析其空间差异,为耕地保护及城市周边耕地发展提供参考。[方法]从耕地的生产、生态、社会和景观4个功能出发构建评价指标体系,利用熵权法确定指标权重,加权求和法计算单一功能和多功能值,并用ArcGIS进行空间分析,对沈阳城市周边50个乡镇(街道)的耕地多功能性进行综合评价。[结果](1)沈阳城市周边耕地的多功能性空间差异较为明显。生产功能远郊平原区最强,远郊山区和近郊区较弱;生态功能总体偏弱,个别乡镇较好;距离城市越远,社会功能越强;景观功能近郊区较强,远郊区较弱。(2)耕地的生态、社会和景观功能主要受距市中心距离的影响,生产功能受地形和距市中心距离的双重影响,而多功能则受地形、距市中心距离及各乡镇(街道)耕地主导功能等的综合影响。(3)沈阳城市周边的大多数耕地以农业生产为主导,景观文化功能整体相对较弱。近郊区耕地生态功能所占比重较大,但社会功能比重较小,远郊区则与之相反。[结论]沈阳城市周边耕地多功能性空间差异较为明显且不均衡,应科学规划城市周边耕地功能,优化空间布局,协调耕地各功能的关系,促进耕地多功能综合发展。     

A Framework for the Simultaneous Measurement of Spatial Variation and Temporal Movement in Prices in a Heterogeneous Country: The Dynamic Household Regional Product Dummy Model

This paper contributes to the growing literature on spatial prices in large heterogeneous countries. While the literatures on spatial variation and temporal movement in prices have grown in parallel, this study marks a departure by providing a unified treatment and proposing a comprehensive framework that allows both approaches. The proposed model is based on twin extensions of the household version of the “country product dummy model” by allowing for a dynamic stochastic specification and interdependence of spatial prices of geographically adjacent regions. Tests of temporal stability and regional independence of the estimated spatial prices are proposed and applied in this paper. The paper shows that the introduction of an autoregressive error process of order one, AR(1), improves the efficiency of the estimates of parameters, urban‐rural and temporal price indices under certain conditions. The Indian application points to a rich potential for using the proposed framework in cross country comparisons such as the International Comparison Program (ICP) exercises.     

Land price diffusion across borders – the case of Germany

ABSTRACT

Land market regulations are often justified by the assumption that activities of foreign and non-agricultural investors drive up prices in domestic land markets. However, empirical knowledge about the dynamics of agricultural land prices across borders is sparse. Using the German reunification as a natural experiment, we study the effect of the former inner German border on the dynamics of agricultural land prices in East and West Germany. We apply a land price diffusion model with an error correction specification to analyse spatial agricultural land markets. A novel feature of our model is its ability to distinguish price diffusion within states and across state borders. We provide evidence for a persistent border effect given that the fraction of spatially integrated counties is larger within states than across the former border. Moreover, we observe non-significant error correction terms for many counties along the former border. From a policy perspective, it is striking to realize that even 25 years after German reunification, pronounced land price differences persist. It is quite likely that price diffusion through existing borders within the EU would take even more time given language barriers, different institutional frameworks, and information asymmetries between domestic and foreign market participants.