政府监管对食品企业实施质量保证项目的影响分析

食品质量保证项目的实施对于维护消费者利益,提升产品质量具有重要意义。文章分析了政府监管下企业质量保证体系的现状,企业实施质量保障项目的动因及障碍,指出政府监管对影响企业实施食品质量保证项目具有关键作用,然后根据成本收益理论,从政府监管和企业效用方面分别进行分析,分析发现政府采取有效监管并对企业实施质量保证项目产生影响,需建立在一定条件之下,即政府监管的成本应接近于实施质量保证项目的效益水平与实际效益水平的差距;企业实施质量保证项目的净收益加上政府提供的补贴超过执行成本与补偿成本之差。此时,政府监管能促使企业实施质量保证项目。     

基于情景分析的烟草种植替代综合效应研究

目的 烟草种植替代是从源头控制烟草消费的最有效措施,但在我国还未全面实施。文章分析研究不同情境下烟草种植替代可能产生的综合效应,以期推动我国烟草种植替代的实施。方法 基于2018年湖北省利川市11种作物的成本收益、化肥使用量等数据,利用情景分析法,结合环境风险指数法和综合评价法对烟草种植替代可能产生的综合效应进行分析。结果 （1）种植烟草高昂的人工成本使得其净利润为负,且在11种作物中最低,其现金收益仅高于粮食与油料作物,种植番茄或黄瓜的现金收益分别比烟草高7倍和6倍,烟草较高的价格可能是吸引农户种植的主要原因之一;（2）情景1种植烟草的氮肥使用环境风险较低,磷肥与钾肥使用的环境风险等级较高;情景2种植粮食作物可以减少化肥使用的环境风险,种植蔬菜等作物会增加化肥使用的环境风险;（3）在该文的3种情景中,粮食作物的固碳能力较强,经济作物的固碳能力较弱;种植烟草的固碳能力最弱,其综合效应仅优于油菜籽与烟草的组合,远低于种植蔬菜或烟草与蔬菜作物组合种植的综合效应。结论 利川市可以选择番茄、黄瓜等蔬菜作物或是这些作物与烟草共同种植的方案来代替烟草种植,在履行《烟草控制框架公约》的同时能够获得更好的综合效应。该文的研究结果可以为推动我国烟草种植替代的实施提供科学依据。     

发展中国家加强知识产权保护的成本—收益分析

发展中国家对知识产权保护一度曾采取回避、抵制的态度,最终认识到要在日益全球化的国际经济中取得主动地位,加强知识产权保护是势在必行的。因此目前发展中国家迫切需要相关的经济研究以确切估量加强知识产权保护的实际效应。有鉴于此,本文通过对发展中国家加强知识产权保护     

物流运输网络中的网络容量扩张成本效益均衡模型及算法研究

在给定一个单源单汇物流运输网络中，网络中的每条弧都有一个容量和运输时间的限制，研究了当网络的容量提高到指定水平，同时限制从网络中源点到汇点运输时间，应该如何对网络进行适当的扩张，减少网络的运输时间，同时使网络效益与预期效益尽可能的接近。     

Evaluating Projects and Assessing Sustainable Development in Imperfect Economies

We are interested in three related questions:(1) How should accounting prices be estimated?(2) How should we evaluate policy change in animperfect economy? (3) How can we check whetherintergenerational well-being will be sustainedalong a projected economic programme? We do notpresume that the economy is convex, nor do weassume that the government optimizes on behalfof its citizens. We show that the same set ofaccounting prices should be used both forpolicy evaluation and for assessing whether ornot intergenerational welfare along a giveneconomic path will be sustained. We also showthat a comprehensive measure of wealth,computed in terms of the accounting prices, canbe used as an index for problems (2) and (3)above. The remainder of the paper is concernedwith rules for estimating the accounting pricesof several specific environmental naturalresources, transacted in a few well knowneconomic institutions.     

How efficient are national environmental standards? A benefit-cost analysis of the United States experience

This paper summarizes the results of the first systematic, geographically-specific efficiency assessment of the U.S. experience with national environmental standards and with alternative approaches to establishing those standards. This ex-post evaluation assessed the net benefits that resulted from EPA's regulation of conventional air and water pollutants from the pulp and paper industry between 1973 and 1984. The paper compares the benefit-cost efficiencies of the three dominant regulatory approaches: technology, ambient, and benefits. Unlike previous studies, which assessed benefits and costs on a national basis, the study estimates both costs and benefits on a facility-by-facility basis. The analysis shows how the efficiency of national environmental regulations can vary dramatically at local levels. The authors conclude that the technology-based standards for water pollution management failed as an efficient environmental strategy. The costs clearly exceeded the benefits in the aggregate, as well as in the specific in most situations. Benefits exceeded costs at only 11 of the 68 mills investigated. The ambient based standards for air pollution management succeeded as an environmental strategy in the aggregate, but succeeded in the specific for only one-third of the mills (22 of 60 mills). The benefits-based standards for air pollution management also succeeded in the aggregate as well as in the specific for about one-half of the mills. Benefits exceeded costs at 29 of the 60 mills investigated. The results of the study point to two major conclusions. First, a regulatory policy that is based on some measure of environmental results, either ambient-based or benefits-based, will be more efficient than a policy that ignores environmental results. Second, truly efficient policies for reducing environmental risks require pollution mitigation decisions that take into account local conditions. These include not only the changes in local ambient conditions, but also the number of people who will benefit from pollution reduction decisions. This latter conclusion suggests that national environmental standards per se may be inefficient.Dr. Luken is currently Senior Environmental Advisor to the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) in Vienna, Austria. He is on leave from the U.S. EPA where he was Chief of the Economic Analysis and Research Branch of the Office of Policy, Planning and Evaluation (OPPE). Mr. Clark is President of Environmental Economics Associates of Traverse City, Michigan. He was formerly Chief of EPA's Cost and Economic Impact Analysis Branch in OPPE. The views expressed are those of the authors and do not represent the views of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.     

美国社会规制研究的三种路径

当西方社会规制研究兴起于20世纪70年代初,除了规制经济学中的公益理论和规制捕获理论影响到社会规制研究外,经济学的成本效益分析、公共选择、政治学的制度主义都渗入到社会规制的研究中.本文主要介绍这三种分析路径在西方社会规制研究中运用,并作出简要的评论.     

供应链金融利益主体的多阶段博弈研究

现代经济中,金融在资源配置方面发挥的作用明显不足,出现严重的资源浪费和供需错配现象,加剧了中小企业面临的融资难问题.本文从供应链金融的内涵切入,建立以利益相关者为主体的融资量化模型,利用多阶段博弈理论对企业不同模式下的成本收益进行检验,结果表明:供应链金融在实现上、下游各利益相关者个体的最优化的同时,也可有效促使供应链整体的利益最大化、实现高效运作和价值增值,全面实现链上企业间的资源共享、互利共赢.     

低碳化产业结构调整效率的成本收益分析

我国在加速工业化和城市化进程,但同时面临着较大的减排压力的背景下,低碳化产业结构调整是协调经济发展与生态环境保护的关键环节,而如何评价与改善低碳化产业结构调整效率已成为亟待解决的问题。文章采用DEA交叉模型,对中国1996~2012年各年度低碳化产业结构调整的效率进行成本收益分析,结果表明各年度低碳化产业结构调整效率有明显差异,且起伏较大;进一步分析宏观经济政策对低碳化产业结构调整效率的影响,从经济制度、产业政策、环保市场等宏观角度提出政策建议。     

提高政府规制有效性的途径与实践--一个基于成本收益分析的视角

政府规制应当进行成本收益分析以提高规制的有效性。已有的规制理论或只重视收益而忽视成本,或过分强调成本而低估收益,从而在宏观上影响着规制制度建立和运行的有效性。由于成本收益分析在公共政策决策中的某些不足,除美、英等西方国家,这种方法较少被其它国家在规制政策的制定和评估中采用。成本收益的分析可以从宏观和微观两个方面降低“规制失灵”的程度,从而相应提高政府规制的有效性。因此,我国的政府规制改革应积极引入成本收益分析及建立在成本收益分析基础之上的规制影响评估制度,以提高我国政府规制政策的有效性。