盈余管理的动机及手段

盈余管理的动机可以归纳为契约动机、资本市场动机和政治成本动机三类。出于不同的动机,上市公司会使用不同的盈余管理手段,但是过度的盈余管理不但严重扭曲上市公司的信息,误导投资者,而且使上市公司的利益受到损害。因此,对上市公司盈余管理应进行有效监管,例如完善现有会计准则,健全公司治理结构等。     

Changing incentives in a multitask environment: evidence from a top-tier business school

This study focuses on changes in incentives at the William E. Simon Graduate School of Business Administration in the early 1990s to redirect effort from academic research to classroom teaching. We find a substantial and almost immediate jump in teaching ratings following the changes in incentives. Longer-run learning and turnover effects are present. Evidence also suggests that research output fell. This case illustrates the power of organizational incentives to redirect effort in a multitask environment, even in the presence of apparent human–capital constraints.     

Designing channel incentives to overcome reseller rejection

As more and more products are distributed through independent channel resellers, suppliers find it increasingly difficult to craft highly motivational incentive packages. Instead, many suppliers' product lines are neglected by resellers in deference to more compatible incentive offers. This paper studies the many aspects of incentive rejection and incentive compatibility and prescribes a four-step, theory-based process to help suppliers craft attractive incentive programs. The process involves identifying resellers' performance needs, recognizing how each need suggests a different basis for incentive rejection, and designing an incentive package such that the incentives support specific reseller needs. Also, unique channel conditions are considered.     

Stable risk-sharing

We analyze the evolution of contract participation and evaluate the selection of risk-sharing contracts in the presence of moral hazard. Organizations specify rules for sharing output among producers, and so affect the extent of private investment in production. Organizations are rigid, as some details of the contract are fixed, but people are free to move around. In the presence of rigidity, equilibrium displays coordination failure because potentially efficient contracts can fail to attract participants. Methods of evolutionary stability are used to select equilibria when organizations compete for members. We identify stable contracts which survive competition against any other. Stable contracts need not be efficient, but for large groups the loss becomes small.     

市场需求、创新政策组合与企业创新绩效——企业生命周期视角

以北京A股上市公司为研究对象，基于创新驱动理论，运用多元回归分析方法，探索市场需求与政府干预对处于不同生命周期企业创新绩效的影响。结果表明：①研发补助和税收优惠政策组合协同互补效应显著，但组合效果会因企业所处生命周期不同而呈现显著差别。具体来说，对成长期企业二者组合竞争效应显著，组合效果为负协同。对成熟期企业，二者组合互补效应显著，组合效果为正协同。对衰退期企业，二者组合效果无显著影响，组合效果为无协同；②总体来说，市场需求显著促进企业创新绩效提升，但对于成长期和成熟期企业的正向促进效应显著，对于衰退期企业抑制作用显著；③市场需求在创新政策组合与企业创新绩效之间起负向调节作用，且对处于不同生命周期的企业结论一致。对成长期企业，政府干预优于市场调节，对成熟期企业，市场调节优于政府干预，对衰退期企业，政策引导效果更优。最终，提出促进创新高质量发展的对策建议。     

条件准入与财政体制对农民工市民化的影响

文章通过分析1999～2009年地方财政及2008年浙江省县级财政的收支数据,证明现行财政体制是城市政府对农民工实行"条件准入"的制度因素。要实现农民工市民化,应根据"非竞争"和"非排他"的程度,重新划分中央和地方财政的公共支出责任;地方财政的征税对象应由GDP转变为财产价值,因为GDP对居民数量边际递减,而财产价值对居民数量边际递增。     

环境创新税收政策解构与重构：由单一工具转向组合工具

税收政策工具内置的行为诱导、社会公平、经济发展等性能，使其成为激励环境创新的重要手段。税收政策工具可以解构出环境税与税收优惠两大核心政策工具。其中，环境税将污染行为的外部成本内部化，向企业传递价格压力信号，迫使其作出缴税、减产抑或投入环境创新的抉择，本质上是一种反向压力工具；税收优惠则是一种正向鼓励工具，以减轻税负的方式将应收税款让渡于创新研发，将污染企业向投入环境创新的方向引导。两个政策子工具虽然作用机制相反，但政策目标一致，通过科学、精细的税制设计，实现不同政策功能协同互补，以发挥组合工具“1+1＞2”的政策效应，最大化提升企业环境创新积极性。此外，还应统筹税收政策工具与其它政策工具的组合使用。     

Result-based agri-environment measures: Market-based instruments,incentives or rewards? The case of Baden-Württemberg

Result-based agri-environment measures are increasingly seen as an interesting way to improve the conditionality and efficiency of the use of Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) funding for environmental land management. They differ from classical action-based measures in that they remunerate farmers to achieve a desired outcome, and not for complying with a set of rules. We have analysed MEKA-B4, the result-based agrienvironment measure in place in Baden-Württemberg (Germany) between 2000 and 2014, which aimed to preserve species-rich grassland. In order to do so, we carried out semi-structured face-to-face interviews with participating and non-participating farmers and key institutional actors. We argue that MEKA-B4 could be considered a Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES), but only if a broad definition is adopted, as the payment appeared to cover the opportunity costs of only some categories of farmers (e.g., part-time farmers, less productive fields, hay producers), but it was too low to cover those of intensive cattle raisers and biogas producers, partly due to the changing market conditions (e.g., fluctuating and decreasing price of hay; incentives to produce biogas). In fact, in general most farmers were motivated to join the scheme by a combination of extrinsic motivations (i.e., the monetary incentive) and intrinsic motivations (i.e., ethical reasons). Increasing the payment, as has been done in the new version of the scheme (FAKT-B3), may help to ensure a wider enrolment in the measure in the long term. However, the interaction with biogas subsidies and other measures of the FAKT programme may hamper the farmers’ enrolment. This shows the need to improve the integration and coherence of environmental policies that have different objectives.     

外资开放引入的创新虹吸是否依然有效——基于知识产权价值激励的动态检验

在全面开放新格局与创新型国家建设战略驱动下，科学研判外资开放的创新虹吸效应至关重要，亟待破解的问题是如何有效撬动外资引入的创新溢出红利。基于内外技术势差探讨FDI创新虹吸的演化逻辑，阐释知识产权价值激励对FDI创新溢出的影响机制，基于中国（内地）30个省份面板数据实证研究发现，外资开放引入的创新虹吸效应并非静态不变，对区域创新发展呈现出边际递减的抑制性影响；借助高强度知识产权价值激励能够有效调节FDI的创新溢出轨迹，以“U”型规律打开外资引入的创新虹吸通道，驱动区域创新发展；知识产权价值激励的调节效应存在一定的空间异质性，对东部地区和中部地区FDI创新溢出的撬动更为有效。研究结论为优化外资开放引入与知识产权价值激励的共轨溢出，赋能创新型国家建设，提供了新的经验依据和路径启示。     

Combining Information Technology and Decentralized Workplace Organization: SMEs versus Larger Firms

This paper examines whether information technology (IT) and decentralized and incentive-based workplace organization are complementary only for large firms or also for smaller firms. Previous empirical evidence suggesting complementarity between IT and decentralization is mainly based on large firms. Using data from a sample of 3,288 small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and 595 larger firms from the manufacturing and service sector in Germany, it appears that SMEs with decentralized and incentive-based work practices tend to use IT more intensively. Moreover, for the sample of SMEs, IT and workplace organization are individually associated with higher productivity, but the combination of IT and decentralization does not yield a productivity premium. In contrast, the productivity of IT depends positively on decentralization for large firms. The findings suggest that combining IT and decentralized workplace organization seems only to be a successful strategy for larger firms.