不平衡时代的创新与创业研究

不平衡是新时代的基本特征。对于创新与创业而言，正是因为时代的不平衡而孕育了更多具有时代特色的创新想法和创业机会，也正是因为时代的不平衡为中国情境下的创新创业研究理论开发带来了更多挑战。在此背景下，首先，客观环境的不平衡来自创业者的主动感知，解决不平衡问题需要提高创业者的创新、创业能力，而能力的提升离不开创业认知加工和积极心理资本发挥作用。创业者通过环境扫描进行信息加工从而引发认知变革。创业团队知识和经验异质性带来了积极的心理资本。其次，合法性是创业企业在不平衡时代中得以生存和发展的"强心剂"。创业学习、关系网络都有助于企业获取合法性、解决新企业的合法性困境。创业企业战略选择和战略导向对于创业合法性也具有直接或间接的影响。最后，创业与创新融合下的商业模式创新逐渐成为不平衡时代的研究热点。商业模式创新需要适宜的资源开发、机会开发或机会-资源一体化开发行为支持，且机会、资源的开发还离不开由"环境-组织-个体"所组成的多层次影响因素发挥的联动效应。     

创业型企业话语框架策略与合法性构建:基于成长阶段的纵向案例分析

网络信息时代的组织话语能够以较低的成本迅速传播，是创业型企业在资源局限、时间紧迫情况下实现合法化的重要工具。本研究以创业期的淘宝网（2003-2014年）为研究对象，基于其代表性广告话语，尝试刻画、剖析组织合法性的话语构建过程。基于系统功能语法与系统图像语法的多模态话语分析显示，创业型企业在初创期主要运用发挥话语框架策略构建基本的实用合法性与道德合法性，在快速扩张阶段同时运用发挥与延伸策略进一步维护、增强这两种合法性，在稳定成长期则综合运用延伸、桥接与转变策略重点构建道德合法性与认知合法性。从企业成长阶段来看，话语框架策略与组织合法性之间呈现出协同演进关系。本研究通过跨学科理论与方法丰富了关于话语与组织合法性动态关系的研究，同时为创业型企业的合法性构建带来实践启示。     

组织合法性中解耦问题研究综述

解耦问题是新制度主义组织合法性研究的核心议题之一,也是组织管理实践中必须正视的问题。解耦问题于20世纪70年代被提出,并受到西方许多学者的广泛关注。在系统梳理国内外相关研究的基础上,分析了组织社会学研究领域内解耦概念提出的理论背景,对组织合法性中解耦的起源及概念进行了辨析,对组织合法性中解耦的相关研究进行了分析和评价,并对未来研究进行了展望。     

Managing the paradox of unwanted efficiency: The symbolic legitimation of the hypermarket format in Finland, 1960–1975

Abstract

Occasionally, organisations are forced to adopt new practices that are inconsistent with the expectations of their stakeholders. An immediate adoption of the practices would risk the organisation’s legitimacy, but as previous research has noted, the perceptions of organisational stakeholders can be managed through symbolic actions. In this article, I examine how actors from four retail organisations symbolically legitimated the adoption of the hypermarket format within their individual contexts by means of internal professional magazines. The analysis suggests that the organisations buttressed their legitimacy by reversing Meyer and Rowan’s idea of loose coupling – adopting the new practice but maintaining their formal appearances.     

Knowledge management and innovation strategy in the Asia Pacific: Toward an institution-based view

The emergence of knowledge-intensive society has changed the nature of business competition. Knowledge management becomes an important managerial task and formulating a sound innovation strategy is an integral part of strategic management. Adopting an institution-based view, this article argues that the institutional environment in the Asia Pacific region plays a multi-faceted role behind firms’ knowledge management and innovation strategy. Specifically, institutions impose rules for legitimacy, serve as a source of knowledge, and allocate incentives and resources for innovation. We believe that future research drawing on the institution-based view has significant potential to advance our understanding of knowledge management and innovation strategy in Asia Pacific firms.

Entrepreneurship in post-socialist economies: A typology and institutional contexts for market entrepreneurship

There is growing recognition among post-socialist (PS) economies that free-market entrepreneurship is essential for ultimately improving their economic future. The promotion of market entrepreneurship, however, has been a challenging experience for these economies. This paper examines various forms of entrepreneurship in PS economies. Drawing upon the institutional theory, we also highlight the clear contexts and attendant mechanisms associated with institutions–entrepreneurship nexus in PS economies’ contexts.

Breaking with the past? The politics of land restitution and the limits to restitutive justice in Myanmar

Land reforms, which include restitution and redistribution of land, often accompany political transitions, as new regimes attempt to break with the past by establishing new modes of governance. The political transition that began in Myanmar in 2011 provides one such example. In Myanmar’s ‘rice bowl’, the Ayeyarwady Delta, widespread land confiscations during the 1990s and 2000s facilitated the establishment of large fish farms, often at the expense of smallholder cultivators who worked agricultural lands without formal use rights. Reforms initiated in 2011 appeared to offer the prospect of restitutive land justice for rural households affected by land confiscation, but this promise has been slow to materialize. Drawing on fieldwork conducted in the Delta, this paper analyzes the narratives and strategies deployed by different groups of state and societal actors advocating for and against land restitution, focusing on the competing uses of two concepts: legality and legitimacy. In doing so, we explore how state-society relations in Myanmar have been reworked through these processes of contestation, and examine possibilities for, and limits to, progressive land reform during political transition.     

Is certification an effective legitimacy strategy for foreign firms in emerging markets?

This study explores the effect of certification on profitability in a transition economy. Obtaining a certification is a strategic legitimacy action that positively affects a firm’s profitability, specifically for a foreign firm in a transition economy, where institutions are less developed and stable. However, we argue that certification is particularly effective if legitimacy based on adaptation to local circumstances is weak. An analysis of data from 319 MNE subsidiaries in China over the period 1998–2009 largely supports our hypotheses. Certification is an effective strategic action which improves profitability. However, the strength of this effect is influenced by the level of marketization of the host region, the institutional quality in the home country, the density of the foreign firm community in the host country, the number of years the foreign firm has been in the host country, and the size of the foreign firm. These findings throw light on the role certification can play in helping firms overcome the liability of foreignness in a transition economy.     

诱惑侦查合法性的阶段化认定： 日本经验与中国路径

日本对诱惑侦查的合法性认定采取主客观混合的阶段化判断标准,分为启动阶段的合法性审查和实施阶段的正当性审查,具有清晰的阶段化特征和鲜明的实践指引功能。相较而言,我国在诱惑侦查合法性认定的问题上,既存在由法律规定的模糊性所导致的概念范围不明、法律性质不清等问题,也存在过度重视判断标准中静态要素的设置,忽视对诱惑侦查的行为阶段进行区分的倾向。解决问题的出路是,在概念界定上应明确诱惑侦查作为事前侦查、任意侦查的法律性质,并以指导案例的形式对诱惑侦查的行为方式、合法性判断要素进行解释说明;在司法认定上应在肯定主客观混合标准的同时,对判断标准中的主观要素和客观要素进行动态审查,进而形成启动阶段合法性审查和实施阶段正当性审查的区分,以凸显判断标准的实践指引功能。     

新创企业合法性门槛的跨越机制——基于事件系统理论的案例研究

新创企业会面临能否跨越合法性门槛的严峻考验,但是新创企业面临何种合法性门槛以及如何跨越等问题的研究不为多见,因此很有必要推进新创企业合法性门槛跨越机制研究。文章运用事件系统理论,以滴滴出行和ofo小黄车为例,从事件时空和强度的角度构建分析框架,研究新创企业合法性门槛跨越机制。研究发现,新创企业在合法化过程中存在多重合法性门槛;外部评价者身份的多样性和判断模式的转变,通过影响关键事件的强度引起合法性门槛的周期变化。同时文章揭示了新创企业合法性门槛跨越机制,发现合法性门槛跨越机制具有迭起性,企业在一次次地合法性门槛跨越中,实现合法性水平的动态积累与显著提升;关键事件的时间、空间、强度属性,充分显示新创企业合法性门槛跨越机制的具体内容。本研究促进了新创企业合法性获取的动态研究,拓展了事件系统理论的应用领域,对致力于共享经济模式创新的新创企业提供了实践指导。