The role of conference externalities and other factors in determining the annual recruiting rankings of football bowl subdivision (FBS) teams

In this article, we analyse the impact of school, head coach and conference characteristics on a college football team’s annual recruiting ranking. Utilizing panel data collected from various sources covering 2002–2014, we find that measures of recent school success such as having winning seasons and finishing seasons ranked in the Associated Press (AP) top 25 poll have a positive impact on a team’s recruiting ranking. Similarly, schools with more successful head coaches tend to earn better recruiting classes, while schools facing bowl bans, scholarship restrictions and probation tend to earn worse recruiting classes. Various measures of conference achievement indicate that conference externalities in recruiting may indeed be positive as is often suggested; however, there is much potential for a negative externality as well.     

Wealth concerns and equilibrium

Most properties of the classical general equilibrium model without externalities fail to extend to the wildest forms of consumption externalities. The recent interest for wealth concerns, a kind of externality associated with herding behavior and other-regarding preferences, motivates a study of the general equilibrium exchange model with those externalities. The diffeomorphism of the equilibrium manifold with a Euclidean space, the smoothness and properness of the natural projection and its non-zero degrees are shown to hold true for endowment spaces with variable total resources. Other properties of the classical exchange model without externalities are fragile in the sense that they do not resist the introduction of wealth concerns even in models where consumers preferences are represented by the simplest forms of utility functions like the log-linear (or Cobb–Douglas) functions. The most notable fragile properties are the uniqueness and regularity of equilibrium at equilibrium allocations and the stability of no-trade equilibria.     

网络产业组织理论的历史、发展和局限

自上个世纪80年代以来,网络产业的研究一直沿用着新古典经济学的理性经济人假定,普遍采用博弈论的方法,并依照产品的特征分别侧重对直接网络外部性与间接网络外部性的讨论。经典模型的研究发现,网络外部性的存在会影响消费者对网络的选择,以及企业的技术选择和兼容决策,进而影响社会福利,有可能出现并非最优的均衡。早期的拓展模型传承着经典模型的最基本的假定与函数形式,进一步考虑各种竞争状况。近十年,从双边市场的角度研究具有网络外部性的产业成为网络产业组织理论分析的热点。本文梳理了传统的网络产业组织理论及在此基础上的各种拓展与最近的进展,不仅对研究的内容进行了归纳,更重要的是对研究的思路与模型拓展的方式进行了总结。     

地市级地区间基本建设公共支出的相互影响

本文考察中国地市级地区间基本建设公共支出相互影响的机制和特征,主要包括溢出效应和竞争效应。由于地市级基本建设支出的正外部性,溢出效应使得相邻地区基本建设支出间负相关;由于中国特有的地方官员激励结构,地区间经济增长的竞争会导致基本建设公共支出正相关。本文使用中国地市级地区2002—2005年数据检验这两个影响渠道。经验分析发现了溢出效应和竞争效应存在的证据。     

Performance differentials within geographic clusters

Increasing evidence indicates that firms benefit from a location in a geographic cluster of similar firms. The literature is nearly silent, however, on whether agglomeration economies accrue symmetrically across clustered firms. Drawing from the knowledge-based view, we investigate which firms benefit most from agglomeration and discuss how the implications for entrepreneurs are significant if some firms benefit more from geographic agglomeration than others. We investigate three particular firm attributes that may accentuate or mitigate benefits tied to participation in a cluster. We test our hypotheses on a sample of biotechnology firms and find strong evidence that firms benefit asymmetrically. Younger firms and firms with higher knowledge stocks benefit more from agglomeration.     

空间外部性、比较优势与制造业集聚

本文综合传统比较优势和外部性因素在新经济地理框架下建立理论和计量模型研究了我国284个地级市制造业集聚的影响机制及其地区差异。结果表明,传统比较优势仍是影响制造业区位的重要因素;各级城市之间存在明显的要素供给与市场需求的空间关联性,且已超过传统比较优势成为制造业集聚的主要来源;传统比较优势与空间外部性对制造业集聚的作用分别由西到东和由东到西依次递减。该结果为进一步促进区际产业转移和协调发展提供了重要启示。     

国际金融危机中的金融负外部性考察

金融的本质属性(自然垄断倾向、弱公共品性质、金融市场的信息不对称)极易导致金融负外部性问题,即金融产品的私人成本低于社会成本,出现风险外溢效应。以前的研究重在微观金融外部性,而此次世界性金融危机中,宏观金融负外部性更值得关注:利益集团的成本外化、弱势美元的风险转嫁、政府创租以及救市的全球性负面社会效应。全球化的金融市场及其国家化的主宰者是宏观金融负外部性产生的制度根源,只有通过适当考虑对方的利益的国际合作、改革国际货币体系,世界各国才可能摆脱被动的金融负外部性承受者的身份。     

DESIGNING ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS FOR THE ENVIRONMENT IN A DECENTRALIZED FISCAL SYSTEM

Abstract When external effects are important, markets will be inefficient, and economists have considered several broad classes of economic instruments to correct these inefficiencies. However, the standard economic analysis has tended to take the region, and the government, as a given; that is, this work has neglected important distinctions and interactions between the geographic scope of different pollutants, the enforcement authority of various levels of government, and the fiscal responsibilities of the various levels of government. It typically ignores the possibility that the externality may be created and addressed by local governments, and it does not consider the implications of decentralization for the design of economic instruments targeted at environmental problems. This paper examines the implications of decentralization for the design of corrective policies; that is, how does one design economic instruments in a decentralized fiscal system in which externalities exist at the local level and in which subnational governments have the power to provide local public services and to choose tax instruments that can both finance these expenditures and correct the market failures of externalities?     

High Technology Employment,Wages And University R&D Spillovers: Evidence From Us Cities

Using 4 years of data from 36 American cities and 6 high technology groupings we present thc first estimates of University R&D spillover effects on ctnployrnent at this level of disag-gregation, while controlling for wages, prior innovations, state fixed efrccts, and saniple selectivity hias. We find robust evidence that lagged and disaggrcgated university R&D is a significant determinant of city high technology employment and some evidence for employment effects of innovation.     

Agglomeration economies and clustering – evidence from German and European firms

This article empirically analyses the impact of agglomeration economies on the clustering of German and European firms using partial proportional-odds models. Firms are grouped according to industry and divided into departments. At the industry level, I find evidence for inter-industry economies derived from the New Economic Geography (NEG) framework for European firms in general and German knowledge-intensive firms in particular. At the department level, Marshallian Externalities such as the hiring of skilled labour and technological spillover, and therefore intra-industry economies, are empirically confirmed for European and German departments like Human Resources and R&D but rarely for others.