以欧元区为例的最优货币区内生化研究

文章从最优货币区理论契入,回顾最优货币区理论演变以及最优货币区内生化的最新发展历程,在此基础上对欧元区经济发展的实践进行了实证研究,通过运用ADF单位根检验,来检测欧元区国家经济发展是否趋同,以期从实践上验证最优货币区理论内生化这一理论,实证结果并不支持最优货币区内生性理论。文章还对新加入欧盟的非欧元区成员国将来加入欧元区后的状况进行简单预测,认为欧元区国家经济的趋同将需要很长的一段时间。     

基于内生性视角的股权结构与公司绩效关系研究

现有股权结构与公司绩效关系的研究,大都不考虑内生性问题,先验地假定股权结构为外生变量.文章以我国1999-2008年沪、深两市370家上市公司为研究对象,发现股权结构是内生的,它与公司绩效之间是一种互动的双向作用关系,即除了股权结构对公司绩效有显著的促进效应外,公司绩效对股权结构也有着强烈的反馈效应,并且这种反馈效应会随着股权结构指标选取的不同而相差明显.     

中国货币供给内生性与可控性的实证分析

从货币创造机制出发,利用协整和短期误差修正模型验证了我国货币供给存在内生性;利用各变量的贡献度对比分析,认为中央银行可以控制的因素对货币供给影响更大,验证了货币供给的可控性。     

The Politics of Canadian Monetary Policy: Reassessing Canadian Inflation,Part II

This is the second installment of a two-part article on Canadian inflation. This article builds on the traditional conflict theory of inflation by applying insights from the post-Keynesian and micro-politics theories of money and central bank policy. It argues that the Bank of Canada’s inflation targets — not just inflation itself — have to be understood in terms of social conflict and power. This analysis extends the evidence on the distributive implications of Canadian inflation offered in Part I.     

Governance and sustainable development: How effective is governance?1

Sustainable development argues that the current use of resources should minimize the level of harm to the future use of resources. Governance is capable of common sense and the versatile planning that is required for sustainable development. In the literature, the relationship between governance and sustainability has been empirically examined in terms of the rule of law, bureaucratic quality and corruption. However, governance is a versatile variable that contains such variables as pluralism, accountability, political stability and the absence of violence and government effectiveness. According to the results from estimates obtained in the study, governance has an important and positive effect on sustainable development. This powerful effect applies to all developed and developing countries. Thus, to prevent resources from becoming scarce, countries should increase their governance levels. Accordingly, the level of welfare will be protected.     

Board of directors and export spillovers: What is the impact on extensive margins of trade?

Increased export experience on the board of nonexporting firms has a causal effect on their propensity to enter foreign markets in later periods. Using a universal set of Swedish employer–employee panel data for the period 2000–14, this paper finds evidence on spillover from exporters to non-exporting SMEs through outside board directors. The identification strategy to account for endogenous selection of external board members relies on external instruments and applications of different instrumental variable approaches, capturing also unobserved heterogeneity. Our findings are robust to controlling for export background among managers and employees, as well as firm size, human capital, total factor productivity, productivity spillovers, firm location and industry classification.     

Roles of Formal Institutions and Social Capital in Innovation Activities: A Cross-Country Analysis

This paper investigates the roles of formal institutions and social capital in countries’ innovation activities. The sample consists of 62 developed and developing countries, using the ordinary least squares robust standard error estimations, instrumental variable (IV) estimators, and quantile regression. The empirical results indicate that formal institutions and social capital complement one another in influencing countries’ innovations level. In terms of the relative importance of both in promoting innovation activities, the social capital has greater role compared to formal institutions. Furthermore, the empirical result suggests that innovation level tends to be higher in countries with higher social capital. We also use the quantile regression to estimate whether the relationship among formal institutions, social capital, and innovation differs at different points in the conditional distribution of innovation. The results demonstrate that formal institutions yield a significant positive impact only after exceeding in 50th quantile, whereas social capital do so at lower 10th quantile. Therefore, in addition to a policy focus on improving the formal institutions, countries with a low level of innovation should enrich social capital in their promotion of innovation activity.     

The money creation process: A theoretical and empirical analysis for the United States

The aim of this paper is to assess—on both theoretical and empirical grounds—the two main views regarding the money creation process, namely the endogenous and exogenous money approaches. After analysing the main issues and the related empirical literature, we will apply a vector autoregression model and a vector error‐correction model methodology to the United States for the period 1959–2017 to assess the causal relationship between a number of critical variables that are supposed to determine the money supply, that is, the monetary base, bank deposits, bank loans and the nominal level of economic activity. The empirical analysis supports several propositions related to the endogenous money approach. In particular, it shows that for the United States in the years 1959–2017 (a) bank loans determine bank deposits and (b) bank deposits in turn determine the monetary base. Our conclusion is that money supply is mainly determined endogenously by the lending activity of commercial banks and the nominal level of economic activity.     

机构投资者、市场化进程与公司代理成本——基于动态内生性的经验研究

本文以2002—2009年716家上市公司为样本,在动态内生性的框架下,运用动态面板的System GMM估计方法,研究了机构投资者、市场化进程与公司代理成本间的关系。研究发现,机构投资者持股比例和市场化进程都与公司代理成本负相关,机构投资者与市场化进程在降低公司代理成本方面存在替代关系。通过进一步研究发现,机构投资者和市场化进程都对公司代理成本有长期影响。公司代理成本在机构投资者影响公司绩效中起部分中介作用,而在市场化进程影响公司绩效中起完全中介作用。     

Will social networks become less important

This letter finds that the social networks are more important for the high-income class, and less important for the low-income class on income increases. Thus, research on the economic influence of social networks should notice the endogeneity of the social network functions of different classes.