基于库存理论的铁路始发直达运输产品设计

将库存理论运用到铁路始发直达运输产品设计,能够有效实现运输服务组织成本与库存成本的有机统一。为实现库存成本在铁路始发直达运输中的加载,在考虑周期非完整情况下的库存成本的同时,将铁路运输和库存成本纳入同一目标函数,在装卸车地库存能力约束下,构建基于库存理论的铁路始发直达运输产品设计模型,确定成本最小的铁路始发直达运输产品设计方案。以赤峰地区至山东省煤炭运输网络为例,设计方案有效降低了成本,有助于吸引客户选择铁路运输,以及辅助铁路运营单位研究调整始发直达运输产品方案。     

Relief aid stocking decisions under bilateral agency cooperation

We aim to quantify the benefits of cooperation between humanitarian relief agencies in terms of stocking decisions. We consider two agencies that stock the same type of relief item at different locations prone to individual disaster risks and agree to transship the shortage amount from available stocks in case of a disaster. We incorporate the disaster risk to the Newsvendor model by conditioning the stock quantity decisions on the event that a major disaster occurs within the lifetime of the stocked relief item. We optimize the stock quantity for each agency in response to the other's quantity and compute a Nash Equilibrium solution numerically. We apply this game theoretic approach to the case of earthquake preparedness in Istanbul to optimize the stocking decisions of an agency for shelter units in cooperation with another agency. We investigate the characteristics of the solutions under various parameter settings and identify cases in which cooperation may be beneficial to one or both of the agencies.     

中国健康资本内生折旧率估算及成因分析

"健康中国"战略背景下,准确估算健康资本折旧率对把握我国人口健康资本动态变化具有重要意义。在经典的健康资本需求框架内,正式引入年龄、环境与健康投资的异质性,扩展构建健康资本内生折旧率模型。基于永续盘存法基本原理,结合精算模型与生命表数据,对不同年龄、性别和风险假设下我国居民健康资本折旧率进行估算与分析。研究发现,我国居民健康资本折旧率存在明显的年龄差异与性别差异:中青年阶段折旧率缓慢提高、老年阶段加速上升;男性健康资本折旧率始终高于女性。随着人口老龄化程度加深,年龄对健康资本折旧率的影响下降,健康投资的影响则持续增强。提高健康投资回报率,是降低折旧率进而提高我国人均健康资本存量的关键。     

Stock replenishment policies for a vendor-managed inventory in a retailing system

Using Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI), the vendor determines the replenishment decisions at the location of buyers (retailers). This strategy is used primarily for handling demand fluctuations stemming from the Bullwhip effect, leading the system to prevent from holding excessive inventory that result in a reduction in the overall cost of the supply chain. The main advantages of VMI for vendors are higher levels of accessibility to inventory information and more direct contact with the customers. Similarly, VMI has some pros for the buyers, such as shared risk with upper levels of supply chain and reduction in their holding costs of inventory. In this paper, a vendor-managed inventory system is developed containing one vendor and two buyers in which the main assumption is that back-ordering and lost sales are permitted. In this system, (r, Q) and (R, T) replenishment policies are compared according to their performances to see which one performs more cost-efficiently when partial back-ordering is allowed. In accordance, mathematical models utilizing (r, Q) and (R, T) replenishment policies are developed, and algorithms for deriving the optimal replenishment decision variables are proposed. Moreover, significant differences between the two replenishment policies are discussed. The main finding obtained by this research is that when shortage is permitted, both (r, Q) and (R, T) replenishment policies under VMI have pros and cons in different contexts.     

The impact of RFID adoption on donor subsidy through for-profit and not-for-profit newsvendor: Implications for Indian Public Distribution system

Subsidy programs are sponsored by government and international agencies to improve affordability and accessibility of food and health products for socially deprived community. Although the donors in such programs allocate substantial resources to fund subsidies, a lot of it is wasted due to the inefficiency in the system arising out of product shrinkage and misplacement. This study analyzes the impact of private participation and advanced technology like RFID adoption on the donor subsidy under target consumption level. We formulate the problem as a donor funding the subsidy program through for-profit/not-for-profit newsvendor and compare the equivalent subsidy per consumption with and without RFID. We perform numerical analysis, collecting data from the public distribution system of India, and the results indicate that, unless the for-profit firm operates under a substantially reduced level of shrinkage and misplacement, the donor should always prefer a not-for-profit firm for program implementation. We also observe that among all the scenarios, a not-for-profit firm with advanced technology like RFID requires minimum donor subsidy to generate the target expected consumption.     

资本永续盘存法及其国内应用

资本存量数据是宏观经济运行政策研究的重要决定因素。资本存量核算比较复杂，在理论与技术两个层面都存在诸多问题难以厘清。我国资本统计十分薄弱，数据可得性成为资本存量估算的严重制约。在我国经济增长研究中，如何准确估算资本存量一直是困扰研究者的难题。学术界需要使用这方面数据，又促使很多学者基于各自的研究目的对我国资本存量进行估算。这些研究分别利用不同的假设和处理方法，这使我国资本存量数据出现了差异很大的众多版本。本文在对资本存量估算方法进行梳理之后，对我国资本估算现有研究进行了回顾和评论。     

Bank Competition and its Determinants: Evidence from Indian Banking

Abstract

This paper measures the degree of bank competition in India using a sample of 70 commercial banks over the period 1996–2016. To assess the degree of competition, we estimate the market power of each bank in our sample employing three nonstructural measures: the Lerner index, the adjusted Lerner index, and the Boone indicator. Bank-wise and year-wise estimates of the marginal cost required in all these measures are obtained using the semi-parametric method. The paper further attempts to undertake a comprehensive assessment of competition in Indian banking and identifies various bank-specific, macroeconomic, structural, and contestability indicators, which are supposed to explain level and variation of the degree of competition over time. Empirical findings reveal that public-sector banks in India exercise a relatively higher degree of bank competition compared to private and foreign-sector banks. However, aggregate results support that the Indian banking system is competitive in general. Unlike the structure-conduct-performance paradigm, which advocates that a concentrated banking system impairs competitiveness, our findings reveal that concentration measures hardly exert any effect on bank competition. Rather, contestability measures play a significant role in the determination of bank competition.     

Fulfillment source allocation,inventory transshipment,and customer order transfer in e-tailing

We consider an inventory fulfillment-allocation and transshipment problem in an e-tailing environment. For a typical e-tailer, each customer demand is fulfilled from the closest fulfillment center if there are enough inventories. Otherwise, the e-tailer would transship stock from a nearby facility or transfer the customer order so it is fulfilled from another facility, depending on the economics of transportation. We develop a mixed-integer programming model to help e-tailers optimally fulfill customer orders while minimizing logistics costs. We propose a Benders decomposition-based approach to efficiently find optimal solutions. Our computational results demonstrate the importance of considering inventory transshipments in online deliveries.     

Age-based policy for blood transshipment during blood shortage

This paper introduces the properties of inventory structure for both rescue and affected banks during blood shortage. An age-based transshipment model is developed, with two preference selection methods for transshipping blood units being presented. Compared to quantity-based policy, the age-based policy under first-in-first-transship is recommended as it can reduce the expired rate more efficiently. Under simulation operating scenarios with time-varying demand and supply, we analyzed the sensitivity of parameters, which include expected supply period, shelf life and blood shortage period. Additionally, this study reveals that the transshipment decision will increase the expired ratio and the overstock ratio after blood shortage.     

仿制药专利挑战机制解释学分析与进路选择

仿制药专利挑战机制是我国药品专利链接制度的核心环节。在现有规范体系下进行制度构建，存在同现行《专利法》抵触的问题，通过立法或释法活动化解这种冲突具有必要性。在解释学范式下对仿制药品专利挑战侵权拟制、侵权解释两种立法进路进行推演和反思，并辅之以制度体系、国际比较、法律政策、经济分析等视角，可得出拟制进路更为可行的结论。在拟制进路下进行制度构建，应遵循法律拟制技术规范，并妥善处理制度配套问题。