Methods and tools for integrated assessment of land use policies on sustainable development in developing countries

For stimulating sustainable development in developing countries, land use patterns and land use changes are considered critical, and therefore effective and efficient land use policies are needed. In this paper we present a methodological framework that has been developed in a joint European and developing countries project (LUPIS – Land Use Policies and Sustainable Development in Developing Countries), to assess the impact of land use policies on sustainable development in developing countries. An illustrative application is presented for a case study in China, where water pollution due to agriculture in Taihu Basin is a major problem.     

Land rental market, off-farm employment and agricultural production in Southeast China: A plot-level case study

This paper performs a plot-level analysis of the impact of land rental market participation and off-farm employment on land investment, input use, and rice yields for 215 plots cultivated by 52 households in three villages in Northeast Jiangxi Province. Our findings show that households that rent extra land are relatively more productive, but contradict results of earlier studies which found that tenure status of plots affects the level of land investments. We further find that off-farm employment does not significantly affect rice yields. This result contradicts those of earlier studies which found that the negative lost-labor effect of off-farm employment dominates the positive income effect. Another novel finding is that people working locally off-farm tend to switch from green manure planting towards the use of organic manure on their rice plots. We conclude that policies that will further stimulate the development of land rental markets, which is still in its infancy, can contribute significantly to higher rice production in Southeast China. Another implication of our results is that worries about the negative impact that the continuously growing off-farm employment may have on China's goal to remain self-sufficient in grain production are less relevant at the moment for the region examined in our study.     

浅谈计算机在学籍管理工作中的应用

为适应时代发展 ,提高工作效率 ,提高学籍管理水平 ,应将计算机应用引入学籍管理 ,逐步实现办公自动化。计算机学籍管理要遵循准确性、完整性、科学性的原则。计算机在学籍管理中可实现统计报表功能 ;可方便修改数据 ,实现资源共享 ;可快速查询 ;而且系统操作简单可靠     

计算机网络中的计时进程及链路层应用

本文首先简述链路层的环境,然后对计时进程设计、链路层的超时和繁忙状态处理作了详细的分析说明。     

审计师行业专长、产品市场竞争与财务重述——来自中国证券市场的经验证据

以2007~2012年我国 A 股上市公司为样本,对审计师行业专长与财务重述的关系,以及产品市场竞争程度对两者关系的影响进行实证研究。结果表明：审计师行业专长有助于降低财务重述发生的概率;产品市场竞争则削弱了审计师行业专长对财务重述行为的抑制作用。     

新时代新趋势背景下资源环境承载力评价初探

[目的]把握要素流动下的资源环境压力转移不仅是资源管理工作也是资源环境承载力评价的重要议题。区域均衡发展和自然资源多元化配置加速了区域间要素流动,文章基于产业/部门视角对资源环境承载力评价方法进行探讨。[方法]该文运用框架分析法,对评价边界划分、要素配置方式和评价方法进行了讨论,分析并把握当前新时代新趋势背景下要素流动性的承载力评价的基本要求,并以供需平衡法对产业/部门层面的承载力评价方法进行了探讨。[结果]当前资源要素行政和市场交叉配置下的承载力评价应在资源跨区流动最小的一个社会配置边界上进行,同时以地理边界上的"人口消费边界"界定本地化资源环境要素需求,并且以考虑出口和剔除进口的资源要素来界定其供给,这样可剥离要素流动带来的资源压力转移。[结论]该文提出了产业/部门层面的承载力评价方法,通过把握资源环境要素位置(包括资源位、经济位和生态位)。其主要策略是通过分析和测量由要素流动引起的资源当地消费,经济贡献和环境效益的变化,来捕捉该变化对承载能力的动态影响。该方法可量化经济系统中物资流动与经济发展、环境效应之间的关系,更好地服务于新时代新趋势下资源要素配置、产业结构调整和环境制度的完善。     

How do successful scholars get their best research ideas? An exploration

We interview 24 marketing professors to ask how they got the ideas for 64 of their papers. More than three-quarters of the papers were inspired by holes in the literature, by a “stylized fact” that the current literature cannot explain, or by an interaction with a manager. The rest fall into several smaller categories that to a large extent can be seen as special cases of the three big ones. We describe how papers from each of the three big categories help move the literature forward. We also illustrate the range of situations contained in each category by way of several examples. Among the authors we interview, most do not use a single source. As these authors become more senior, managerial contacts play an increasing role, while the balance between literature and stylized facts appears to be unchanged.

     

Soil and water conservation investments and rural development in China

This study uses a unique set of annual provincial data on soil and water conservation (SWC) investments during the period 1989–2005 to estimate the impact of such investments on the extent and severity of erosion, the growth rate of agricultural gross domestic product (GDP) and rural poverty reduction in China. We find that SWC investments made by local governments have a significant negative impact on the extent of erosion and (in recent years) the severity of erosion, whereas SWC investments made by farm households until recently had a significant negative effect on the severity of erosion. In its turn, the severity of erosion is found to have a significant negative impact on agricultural GDP. Estimation of the impact of the extent of erosion on agricultural GDP provides mixed results. Based on these results, we derive that one RMB invested in SWC by local governments increases agricultural GDP in 2002 with 0.84–1.25 RMB. Finally, we find that agricultural GDP has a significant negative impact on the rural poverty rate. The resulting indirect effect of SWC investment on rural poverty reduction, however, is small compared to other types of public investment. We conclude that (local) government investments in SWC do not only serve environmental goals, but also make a non-negligible contribution to agricultural growth and rural poverty reduction.     

Guanxi Networks,Buyer-Seller Relationships,and Farmers' Participation in Modern Vegetable Markets in China

The aim of this study is to investigate the joint effects of small-scale farmers’ guanxi networks and buyer-seller relationships on their marketing behavior in China. A survey of 167 vegetable farmers shows that farmers' guanxi networks have significant effect on trusting relationship building with buyers and on their investment behavior for transactional specific assets. Guanxi networks also help to improve farmers’ participation in modern high-value markets (e.g., supermarkets and international markets) and encourage relational transactions. Farmers’ modern market participation will be further enhanced by trusting buyer-seller relationships with buyers and complying with buyers' quality requirements. The application of formal contracts, on the other hand, is closely related to farmers’ trusting relationships with buyers and transactional specific assets for vegetable transactions. Some policy implications are discussed.     

基于Meta分析的农户有机肥施用行为影响因素研究

目的 有机肥施用对实现中国农业绿色发展、缓解生态环境压力至关重要,厘清农户有机肥施用行为的影响因素可为农业绿色生产行为等相关政策的制定提供参考依据。方法 文章通过荟萃中国农户有机肥施用行为影响因素的相关实证文献,首次运用Meta分析方法评估了已有研究结论的综合效应量并明确相关影响因素的作用方向和强度。结果 性别、家庭人口数量、家庭年收入、是否接受过技术培训及政府补贴对农户有机肥施用行为有正向促进作用,而土壤肥力对农户施用有机肥行为的影响为负作用。结论 性别、是否接受过技术培训及政府补贴与农户有机肥施用行为存在强相关性关系;土壤肥力为中相关性影响因素,家庭人口数量为弱相关性影响因素;年龄、农户受教育年限、耕地块数、是否饲养家禽的影响较为微弱,仅属于可忽略相关性影响因素。可忽略相关性影响因素数量较多,说明目前围绕农户有机肥施用行为影响因素的实证研究尚未溯及根本,依然存在较大的研究空间。