美国城市公园评价体系的内容、应用 及启示——以ParkScore指数为例

中国快速城镇化的过程伴随着各类城市绿地公园的 规划建设。对城市公园系统综合质量的科学评价关系着城市开 放空间品质的提升、居民生活质量的提高和公共服务设施规划 水平的进步。以ParkScore指数为例，对美国城市公园综合 评价系统的建设过程、评价标准和指标体系进行系统介绍和特 征评述，总结分析其在城市规划实践和研究中的应用，提出我 国应完善城市空间数据库建设、引入以人为本的评价指标和加 强指标体系建立过程的有效性等建议措施，旨在为我国城市公 园综合评价系统建设提供借鉴。     

Contradictions of the Climate-Friendly City: New Perspectives on Eco-Gentrification and Housing Justice

As local governments and corporations promote ‘climate friendliness’, and a low-carbon lifestyle becomes increasingly desirable, more middle- and upper-income urban residents are choosing to live near public transit, on bike- and pedestrian-friendly streets, and in higher-density mixed-use areas. This rejection of classical forms of suburbanization has, in part, increased property values in neighborhoods offering these amenities, displacing lower-income, often non-white, residents. Increased prevalence of creative and technology workers appears to accelerate this trend. We argue that a significant and understudied socio-environmental contradiction also occurs where the actual environmental outcomes of neighborhood transformation may not be what we expect. New research on greenhouse gas emissions shows that more affluent residents have much larger carbon footprints because of their consumption, even when reductions in transportation or building energy emissions are included. We describe an area in Seattle, Washington, the location of Amazon's headquarters, experiencing this contradiction and show a distinct convergence of city investments in low-carbon infrastructure, significant rises in housing prices and decreases in lower-income and non-white residents. We conclude with a discussion of a range of issues that require more attention by scholars interested in housing justice and/or urban sustainability.     

Tent City: Patterns of Informality and the Partitioning of Sacramento

Unsanctioned tent cities are increasing in number in cities throughout the western United States. Scholars explain the phenomenon as homeless people asserting their ‘right to the city’ or as ‘managed marginality’. These explanations capture much of the socio-political relationship between local government and homeless populations, but do not explain the long-term persistence of tent cities and the fluctuating nature of their visibility. A spatial history of informal encampments in Sacramento at three key moments—the founding of the city, the Great Depression and the Great Recession—reveals a long-term ebb and flow of tent cities occupying close-to-the-center, urban vacancies. Urban vacancies arise from the partitioning of the city into specific purposes, places and people, a taken-for-granted perception of how cities should be. The visibility of tent cities disrupts this aesthetic notion of stability and growth as homeless people use the tent to protest their isolation and exclusion.     

Industrial buying behavior: A need for an integrative approach

In recent years many conceptual and methodological developments have contributed to our understanding of industrial organizations as consumers. Yet there is still a lack of purpose and no sense of direction to much of the research in the area of industrial marketing/organizational buying. This paper develops a framework for approaching organizational buying research in a more conceptually rigorous and methodologically sound fashion. Within the proposed framework current problems in the area are discussed and needed research is highlighted.     

Impact of internal and external environmental stability on the existence of determinant buying rules

The environment of the buying center is conceptualized as having two components. One is external to the buying center but internal organization. The other is external to both the buying center and the organization. The stability of these environments explains a significant amount of variation in the existence of organizational rules that determine the outcomes of organizational buying decisions. A comparison of global and attribute- specific measures of environmental stability indicates the environmental attributes that underlie respondents' global judgements about stability.     

美国支持中小企业科技创新的政策体系及其借鉴

企业创新是各国经济增长的主要推动力,美国支持中小企业科技创新的政策已经形成了比较完备的体系,在立法支持、财政与税收支持以及创新服务支持等方面积累了丰富的成功经验。我国中小企业创新发展对建立"创新型国家"战略目标的实现具有重要意义,通过梳理美国支持中小企业科技创新的政策体系,分析提炼其主要特征,力图为我国中小企业科技创新提供有益的政策借鉴。     

Prices of deep discount bonds and the Revenue Act of 1978: An evaluation of market response

This article explores the market response of deep discount corporate bonds to the reduction in the capital gains tax rate incorporated into the Revenue Act of 1978. Such tax change should have increased the desirability of assets acquired for capital gains potential, such as deep discount bonds. Examining a time series of prices and returns for a sample of deep discount corporate bonds and a control group of comparable duration and credit risk corporate bonds selling at or near par did indeed provide evidence of a market price reaction. Moreover, the price changes for the deep discount bonds occurred well in advance of the implementation of the tax change.     

Estimating temporal trends in preferences measured by graded paired comparisons

A sizable marketing research literature on preference measurement, prediction, and explanation has thus far been more concerned with point estimates of preference than with consistent changes over time. Such temporal trends can be estimated using data collected from graded paired comparisons. An appropriate technique for deriving individual and group trend parameters is first described and then illustrated using data from an experiment dealing with aesthetic preferences. Suggestions are offered concerning its advantages and limitations for applications in marketing.     

中美“新丝绸之路”战略比较分析

通过比较分析,发现中美的“新丝绸之路”在战略内涵、空间布局上存在很大不同。美国的战略规划侧重投资基础设施和 TAPI 天然气管道建设,而我国侧重谋划建设四大跨境高铁,建设中哈、中土、中缅石油天然气管道。美国的根本目的是确立美国在中亚地区的主导地位,巩固阿富汗战争的成果,通过“新丝路计划”和 TPP 从东西夹击中俄。而中国是为了加强与欧洲和东盟的经济联系,保障我国的能源供给安全,应对“三股势力”并缩小国内东西部地区经济发展的差距。两国“新丝绸之路”战略发展前景都存在一定的阻碍,但美国的“新丝绸之路”计划带有明显的政治色彩,是美国重返亚太的需求,难以协调这个区域各国之间的利益,很难持久推行下去。中国的“一带一路”战略与沿线国家是“命运共同体”,是一条经济文化交流之路,决定了中国版的“新丝路计划”将会有更广阔的发展空间。     

基于消费者运动的社会营销学研究及其启示

本文认为,20世纪美国消费者运动风起云涌,推动了政府的立法活动和营销学研究,其研究主要集中于消费者运动的经验研究,营销实践的购买者观点,营销观念的实践,营销道德研究,营销和广告对消费者的影响等方面,并逐渐出现了两个重要趋势,即研究更加现实和开始思考在组织结构中采用道德训练、管理事例和鼓励措施,以激励道德行为。文章提出,我国基于消费者运动的社会营销学研究重点,一是弱势群体方面的研究;二是审视营销观念的实践;三是中国特色营销道德的研究;四是消费者保护的经验研究;五是消费者满意、不满意方面的研究;六是营销和广告的社会影响研究。