关系取向对员工满意影响的实证研究

在现有文献中,有关关系取向对员工满意影响的研究尚属空白.(1)通过15位服务人员的深度访谈,对关系取向的内涵进行定性探索;(2)预调查对量表的信度和效度进行评价并修改部分问项;(3)对天津连锁药店的86位店长和217位销售人员的正式问卷调查表明:关系取向、关系交换与员工满意正相关;个体文化差异对关系交换有负向影响,而对关系取向有正向影响.研究结果可以指导经理们提高上下级关系管理的有效性.     

企业跨文化管理的整合策略

随着经济全球化的到来,许多具有开拓精神的企业将眼光瞄准海外,开展了不同程度的跨国经营管理活动,在这一过程中,民族文化以及企业文化的冲突成为企业经营管理面临的一大难题,选择合适的文化整合模式对于企业的跨文化管理具有重要意义。目前学术界对跨文化管理的模式选择和实施步骤都有较为深入的研究,但前者对文化差异的处理过于笼统,试图用一种方式解决所有问题,忽视了文化差异的表现形式可能随着时间发生变化;后者虽然将跨文化管理问题置于一个时间序列中,将其视为一个过程进行管理,但是在每一个阶段该如何做又缺乏理论方面的依据。本文对两类研究进行综合,将时间因素引入模式选择,指出文化趋异和趋同会在整合的不同阶段发挥作用,跨文化管理的第一阶段应选择隔离模式,在第二阶段则采用融合模式。     

How former business owners fare in the labor market? Job assignment and earnings

This study uses detailed longitudinal matched employer–employee data to examine the impact of entrepreneurial experience on job assignments, careers, and wages. The results suggest that there are significant differences in career mobility between former business owners and workers who were always wage employees. Former business owners enter firms at higher job levels and progress faster up the hierarchy than wage employees without entrepreneurial experience. The majority of the former business owners find jobs in small firms. The return to business ownership experience is lower than the return to wage employee experience, thus suggesting that the labor market imposes a penalty for business ownership experience.     

Measuring the information age business

There are seven important characteristics of information age businesses which differ in a major way from traditional industrial age businesses. We should expect that managing this new type

of business will require different management information, knowledge and skills. But what metrics precisely should an information age business manager watch and how should they be used? Two such

metrics, structural effectiveness and knowledge productivity are proposed and discussed. In the information age business, effectiveness, a balance between doing things right (effciency) and doing the right things, is

needed, The structural effectiveness metrirs called .complexity dynamicism and intergration reduce to quanitifiable terns the degree to which the structure of the business's work processes encourage or inhibit effective business operations. Knowleage must be treated as an independent driver of the information age business, in addition to the labor, capital and raw materials which drove industrial age businesses. Managers (and owners) must have a way of measuring how well the knowladge assets of a business are being utilized. The knowledge productivity metric measure this utilization in a way analogous to how managements nurturing of capital assets is measured (i.e. return on capital).     

Measuring the information age business

There are seven important characteristics of information age businesses which differ in a major way from traditional industrial age businesses. We should expect that managing this new type

of business will require different management information, knowledge and skills. But what metrics precisely should an information age business manager watch and how should they be used? Two such

metrics, structural effectiveness and knowledge productivity are proposed and discussed. In the information age business, effectiveness, a balance between doing things right (effciency) and doing the right things, is

needed, The structural effectiveness metrirs called .complexity dynamicism and intergration reduce to quanitifiable terns the degree to which the structure of the business's work processes encourage or inhibit effective business operations. Knowleage must be treated as an independent driver of the information age business, in addition to the labor, capital and raw materials which drove industrial age businesses. Managers (and owners) must have a way of measuring how well the knowladge assets of a business are being utilized. The knowledge productivity metric measure this utilization in a way analogous to how managements nurturing of capital assets is measured (i.e. return on capital).     

The interaction effect of strategic orientations on new product performance in the high-tech industry: A nonlinear model

Innovation and market orientation are two strategic orientations or business philosophies that can guide a company in its business activities. Although the interaction effect of these two strategic orientations is conceptually recognized as a critical factor for new product's success, empirical results are mixed. This paper examines this issue in terms of innovation orientation, two types of market orientations (responsive and proactive), and new product performance. Based on a sample of 107 high-tech firms, the results of this study show that the interaction between innovation orientation and two types of market orientation yields different patterns of nonlinear responses for new product performance. Specifically, new product performance, when derived from the interaction between innovation orientation and responsive market orientation, is in the form of an inverted U, i.e., the interaction effect is contributory to firm performance until an optimal level is reached, and then the effect becomes detrimental thereafter. However, new product performance derived from innovation orientation and proactive market orientation is in the form of a U, i.e., the interaction effect is detrimental to firm performance until a threshold level is reached and then the effect becomes contributory thereafter. The different patterns of new product performance indicate that the costs and organizational learning effects of these two strategic orientation interactions are dissimilar. The paper concludes with a discussion of theoretical and practical implications of these findings.     

The economic incidence of smoking laws

Although laws restricting smoking in restaurants are becoming commonplace, most research has focused on either the health benefits that laws may provide customers and workers or whether laws harm owners. But while smoking laws may directly alter profits, owners may alter prices, output, and other business attributes in ways that affect the welfare of customers and workers. This study examines whether restaurant and bar owners alter prices, entertainment, hours of operation and other business attributes in response to local smoking laws. Substantial support is found for these attribute changes in the Wisconsin hospitality industry. One implication is that an overall assessment of the desirability of smoking laws should consider economic effects imposed on owners, customers and workers, as well as health benefits that follow laws.     

A socio-political approach to exploring the innovation culture in post-socialist countries: the case of Croatia

Innovation culture and the social determinants of national innovation capacities have rarely been empirically researched in innovation-weak post-socialist countries despite the fact that innovation is considered one of the main drivers of their economic growth and convergence. Applying an alternative approach to identifying the factors that shape a national innovation culture is challenging as there has been little empirical research in the area. Moreover, the global cross-cultural concepts of national innovation culture hold little relevance for post-socialist countries. The trans-disciplinary socio-political approach employed in this article relies on the qualitative analysis of the dominant concepts used in political economy and sociology to identify the socio-cultural and political aspects of Croatia’s post-socialist transformation into a capitalist country. This is presented as one of the critical formative determinants of innovation culture. Croatia is chosen as a typical innovation-weak post-socialist country, where innovation remains weak. The analysis presented here suggests that transition-induced factors dominated by ‘crony variance of capitalism’ have an equal, if not a greater, suppressive impact on the current innovation culture than standard explanations based on the socio-cultural heritage of socialism and cultural inertia.     

MODELLING SOCIAL ENTERPRISES

The majority of research concentrates exclusively on the objectives of governments, profit entities or non‐profit organizations, while a significant number of organizations are hybrids. One form of these hybrids is the social enterprise. This paper theoretically describes social enterprises taking into consideration their main aims. Based on the ‘earned income’ school of thought, the principal‐agent theory and considering the nature of social enterprises’ activities we propose the objective functions of their owners (principals) and managers (agents). The maximization problem of the social enterprise is defined as the weighted average of the utilities of two groups of stakeholders who have an influence on the degree of the realization of the social mission and business orientations. We point out the direction which social enterprises should follow in order to obtain the highest value of their objective functions. The desired state for social enterprises should be one in which they reinvest all surpluses in the process of their mission realization and their profit is slightly higher than the required level by the principal's contract.     

文化智力:个体差异与跨文化适应关系研究新视角

文献研究发现大五人格等稳定的个体差异不能有效预测跨文化适应,而文化智力作为个体普遍的差异特征能够进行有效干预,具有动态特征,因而成为跨文化适应研究的新视角。在此基础上结合国际商务的特点对文化智力量表进行修订,删除某些交叉、重复内容,增加国际商务的专业知识认知题项。探索性因子分析得出与原有量表一致的四个维度,共可解释81%的变异,证明文化智力结构具有跨文化一致性;验证性因子分析证明修订后的文化智力量表具有很好的结构效度。     

游客文化差异性特征对其景观偏好的影响

探索不同文化背景下游客的景观偏好是进行跨文化旅游市场研究的基础,但具体的个体差异比如个人主义/集体主义或不确定性规避究竟对游客的景观偏好产生了什么样的影响,目前并没有确切的结论。本研究以世界自然遗产地武陵源风景区为例,选取了7类主要景观类型、19个具体代表景点,综合运用问卷调查和照片评价法面向游客进行调研。通过SPSS软件对问卷数据进行描述统计、方差分析、因子分析、相关分析等,研究发现个人主义/集体主义、居住地都与景观偏好不存在显著相关,但不确定性规避、年龄和景观偏好三者之间有显著相关。     

Cultural Integration and Its Discontents

A community's culture is defined by the preferences and equilibrium behaviours of its members. Contacts among communities alter individual cultures through two interrelated mechanisms: behavioural adaptations driven by pay-offs to coordination, and preference changes shaped by socialization and self-persuasion. This paper explores the workings of these mechanisms through a model of cultural integration in which preferences and behaviours vary continuously. It identifies a broad set of conditions under which cross-cultural contacts promote cultural hybridization. The analysis suggests that policies to support social integration serve to homogenize preferences across communities, thereby undermining a key objective of multiculturalism. Yielding fresh insights into strategies pursued to influence cultural trends, it also shows that communities benefit from having other communities adjust their behaviours.     

Destined to Receive: The Impact of Remittances on Household Decisions in Armenia

The paper uses data from Armenia to test the implications of remittance flows on behavior of receiving households. We find that remittance‐receiving households work fewer hours and spend less on the education of their children. While saving more, these households are not leveraging their savings to borrow from the banking system to expand their business activities. This evidence suggests that the benefits of remittances might be overstated and emphasizes the importance of measuring their impact in a general‐ rather than a partial‐equilibrium context.     

“创新”抑或“关系”？ 儒家文化视角下社会资本与企业战略研究

在经济社会转型期复杂的外部环境下,中国民营企业如何在激烈的市场竞争中调整战略、获取竞争优势并谋求长期发展？基于儒家文化视角考察了社会资本对民营企业战略导向的影响。以中国私营企业为研究样本,发现社会资本降低了企业的资源约束,但也“绑架”企业持续进行关系投入,促进了民营企业的创新战略和关系战略。儒家文化则规制了这种作用,在一定程度增强了企业的创新战略并削弱了关系战略。进一步研究发现,竞争激烈的环境更容易激发企业的战略变革,但外来文化冲击导致的文化冲突削弱了儒家文化的影响。机制检验发现,社会资本通过缓解融资约束,从而支持了民营企业的战略投入。以上结果经过工具变量回归及一系列稳健性检验后依然成立。上述发现拓展了非正式制度下企业行为的研究,为解释中国情境下民营企业的战略行为提供了经验证据。     

员工文化价值观导向的代际差异及不同绩效控制下的匹配性研究

在中国组织情境下,组织有一种内生的控制偏好,试图统一员工价值观。这与日益强调个性化、差异性以及多元化的社会趋势发生冲突。本文研究表明,员工文化导向分布存在显著的代际差异,但其本身对工作绩效的影响没有显著差异,关键在于是否与组织控制情境相匹配。在绩效控制程度高的组织情境下,垂直个人主义导向对工作绩效有正向的影响,而水平集体主义导向对工作绩效产生负向影响。同时,本文认为,在垂直集体主义导向占主导的组织背景下,应追求和而不同,试图统一员工价值观徒劳无益。     

中国保险文化重塑的路径选择:跨文化融合创新

经济全球化的趋势和保险业对外开放的不断深化,为中国保险企业提供了跨文化的经营环境.鉴于中国企业文化具有不同于西方的特点,中外保险文化也各具优劣成份,中国保险文化的重塑,应通过中外保险文化的交汇、碰撞与冲突,走跨文化融合创新之路.中国保险文化跨文化融合创新所应遵循的原则,主要包括:平等互助,合作共赢;以国际化战略为导向,与本土文化相兼容;短期求同存异,长期相融共生;以诚信为根本,以综合竞争力提升为导向.     

当代专利制度改革的理论思潮:劫持论与反向劫持论

专利劫持论者指责专利权人基于劣质专利,选择事后主张,以诉讼相威胁,达到敲竹杠的目的;专利反向劫持论者则强调专利权人的委屈,制造业巨头们无视独立发明人或小企业主的权利主张,恣意免费使用专利技术,专利劫持和反向劫持之间似乎有着不可协调的矛盾。当前专利钓饵不断兴风作浪,将大量发明者推向专利流氓阵营。因此,既要反对专利劫持,又要避免走向反向专利劫持。专利制度改革应该综合两者观点,通过降低专利实施中交易成本、信息不对称和不确定性来维护专利制度的正当性。     

Organizational transparency and power in firm ownership networks

When public institutions do not support information disclosure and contract enforcement, controlling owners may compensate by setting up ownership networks that facilitate the exchange of resources and alignment of interests. We examine how firms’ controlling owners draw power from ownership networks to provide access to resources for or to expropriate resources from their firms. Horizontal power originates from network centrality and is associated with resource access whereas vertical power originates from principal-principal agency conflicts and is associated with exploitation of minority shareholders. We highlight the impact of horizontal and vertical power through their interaction effects with transparency and disclosure (TD) practices on fixed investments and performance in Russian firms. We find that TD and horizontal power or connectedness are substitutes, while whereas TD and vertical power are complements in their effects on fixed investment and firm performance. Without a strong commitment to TD, powerful owners may thus deprive the firm of productive investments.     

家族信托设立影响家族企业创新投资吗

以家族企业创新投资决策为研究对象，考察家族信托设立如何影响家族企业创新投资，以及两者关系是否在不同成长经历的企业主之间存在差异。结果发现：家族信托设立有助于促进家族企业创新投资；在有过贫困生活经历的企业主中，家族信托与家族企业创新投资间的正向关系更显著。同时，相对于具有体制内工作经历的企业主，在没有体制内工作经历的企业主中，家族信托与家族企业创新投资间的正向关系更显著。研究结论可为理解如何激励家族企业创新投资提供新的研究视角和理论解释。     

关系在中国的文化内涵：管理学者的视角

关系及其作用被认为是在中国从事商业活动的一个基础性变量,也被认为是中国文化主导下的企业从事商业活动的一个重要特点。虽然国内外已经积累了不少研究关系的文献,但是关系与中国文化之间联系的线索还不清晰——我们并不确定二者是如何联系起来的。依照狭义的文化概念和中国文化的核心特质,本文试图以管理学者的视角探讨这一问题,从关系状态、关系行为、关系规范和关系导向等几个方面寻找“关系”在中国的文化内涵,为管理学者更深人地探讨关系的商业功能打一个基础。本文的主要结论如下：在文化构成的三个层次中,关系状态和关系行为是人际关系的现象文化,以个性化和多样化的方式展现着中国文化的丰富性;关系导向和关系规范则体现着中国文化对人际关系的基本假设和显性价值观,具有更深刻的文化内涵和更重要的文化基因,决定着中国人际关系的共性。