融资约束抑或过度投资——中国上市企业投资—现金流敏感度的经验证据

本文以中国上市企业为分析样本,通过检验现金持有量对投资—现金流敏感度的影响,考察企业中的融资约束和代理冲突。结果显示,融资约束与过度投资导致企业投资支出与内部现金流密切相关。民营企业、大规模地方国有企业中存在过度投资,所持有的现金具有明显的壕沟效应、进一步提高投资—现金流敏感度。而中、小规模国有企业面临的融资约束比较突出,为了抵御外部融资约束,持有现金充当对冲工具、降低投资—现金流敏感度。     

融资约束下企业现金持有与投资效率的互动关系研究——来自中国制造业 2013～2017 年上市企业的经验证据

本文对中国沪深Ａ股上市的制造业企业 2013～2017 年的数据进行实证研究，分析异质性企业面临融资约束情况下，如何运用现金持有的多寡提升企业投资效率。研究发现，我国上市制造业企业普遍存在融资约束，现金持有的增加提高了小规模企业的投资效率，而对大规模企业存在过度投资的倾向；现金持有的增加令高成长性的企业提升了投资效率，对低成长性的企业影响则不显著。因此，我国应大力发展金融行业，提高企业内外部融资渠道；政府应合理规制，完善现金激励，规避道德风险，加大企业信息披露，提升中国制造业企业的投资效率。     

融资约束、资产有形性和现金持有——以制造业上市公司为例

本文将融资约束、 资产有形性和现金持有纳入一个统一的动态性研究框架， 研究融资约束、 资产有形性以及在融资约束和资产有形性交互作用下现金持有的动态变化， 选取 1354家A 股制造业上市公司10年面板数据为研究样本， 以多元变量指标作为衡量融资约束的分类标准， 运用广义矩估计对现金持有的动态变化做实证研究。 结果显示： 融资约束和现金持有之间呈现正相关， 资产有形性和现金持有之间呈现负相关。 在考虑融资约束这个外部变量后， 融资约束和资产有形性的交互作用和现金持有之间呈现负相关， 同时数据显示融资约束放大了负相关程度。 企业应根据融资约束程度及现金持有量的最优化， 平衡现金持有和资产有形性之间的数量关系。     

管理者过度自信与企业创新投资：融资约束和股权激励的作用

利用沪深上市公司 2010～2017 年的数据， 本文分别从股权激励中介的角度和融资约束调节的角度深入考察了管理者过度自信对企业创新投资的作用路径。 研究发现： 控制企业融资约束后， 企业创新投资仍然与管理者过度自信显著正相关， 但融资约束在管理者过度自信与企业创新投资的关系中起负向调节作用， 企业创新投资与管理者过度自信的正相关关系只表现在融资约束程度较低的组中， 当企业融资约束程度较高时， 企业创新投资反而与管理者过度自信呈负相关关系； 股权激励在高管过度自信与企业创新投资的关系中起部分中介作用。 本文对深入理解管理者过度自信对企业技术创新的影响及其作用机理提供了新的经验证据， 也为发展激励企业技术创新的机制提供了新的重要视角。     

现金流量:投资项目的效益评价基础

一、现金流量备受关注现金是企业最活跃、最具有生命力的经济资源。企业现金和现金等价物（企业持有的期限短、流动性强、易于转换为已知金额现金、价值变动风险很小的投资）的流入和流出称为现金流量。从会计学的角度来考察,世界范围内对现金流量的高度重视集中体现在企业的会计报表即现金流量表上。编制现金流量表可以为会计报表使用者（政府管理部门、债权人、投资者等）提供企业一定会计期间内现金和现金等价物流入和流出信息,以便报表使用者了解和评价企业获取现金和现金等价物的能力及现金状况变动的原因,并据以预测企业未来现金流…     

新能源上市公司金融关联与过度投资——基于融资约束的中介效应

选取2000—2018年在国内A股上市的新能源公司的面板数据,通过融资约束中介效应实证分析金融关联对过度投资的影响。结果表明:建立金融关联的新能源上市公司更易出现过度投资现象,金融关联的建立也有利于缓解企业的融资约束,融资约束在金融关联与新能源上市公司过度投资行为间发挥中介效应,即金融关联对过度投资的影响有一部分是通过缓解融资约束引起的。因此,为提高投资效率,建立金融关联的新能源上市公司应注重应对融资约束问题。     

市场化进程 负债融资与公司过度投资行为研究

选取2005-2010年1506家中国A股上市公司为研究样本,从总负债、负债期限、负债来源三个方面进行实证检验,结果表明:负债融资总体上能够抑制过度投资行为;长期负债和短期负债都有效地制约了经理人的无效投资行为;与商业信用相比,银行借款的负债约束作用强得多,这表明银行的同源性特征并未影响银行借款对经理人投资行为的约束作用;公司所处地区市场化程度越高,负债越能对企业过度投资行为发挥治理作用。     

融资约束、持有现金与公司投资——来自我国上市公司的经验证据

文章以我国上市公司2000年～2006年的经验数据为样本,从我国市场化进程与公司最终控制人性质的制度背景出发,在研究我国上市公司融资约束的基础上,考察了公司持有现金的对冲效应。研究结果表明,我国所在地区市场化进程较低的公司与非国有公司存在融资约束．进一步分析发现,公司持有现金具有一定的对冲效应,而且这种对冲效应在融资约束公司中更重要。     

融资约束、政府补贴与新能源企业投资效率——基于异质性双边随机前沿模型

从融资视角来看,新能源产业的发展因其自身特点受制于较强的融资约束。因其引发的资金不足问题导致新能源企业的投资效率低下。为扶持新能源产业的发展,政府补贴成为缓解融资约束的必然选择。本文基于2010～2014年新能源产业微观数据,在全样本和按企业异质性分组的子样本下,利用异质性双边随机前沿模型定量估计融资约束和政府补贴对新能源企业投资效率的双边效应和净效应。研究结果表明：平均而言,政府补贴对新能源产业上市企业投资效率的正向效应能够平滑融资约束的负效应,但却未能完全正负抵消,新能源产业上市企业仍存在投资不足现象。但也有1/4的企业存在过度投资现象。从新能源上市企业的异质性来看,东部地区企业和非国有企业的投资效率更高。     

融资约束、 对外直接投资与企业绩效

本文选取我国A股上市公司2012～2017 年数据， 构建融资约束综合指标和SA指数， 运用logit模型验证融资约束与OFDI的关系， 采用倾向得分匹配法检验OFDI对企业绩效的影响及其滞后性，并探究了融资约束对OFDI经济后果的调节作用。实证结果显示： （1） 融资约束会对企业OFDI决策产生抑制作用； （2）OFDI对企业绩效具有显著的促进作用， 而且该正向影响存在滞后效应； （3） 融资约束在OFDI影响企业绩效的过程中起到了扩大振幅的作用， 即企业的融资约束程度越高，OFDI 对企业绩效的促进作用愈加明显。     

增强Linux系统安全性的措施

L inux系统的安全取决于系统管理员如何来管理它。本文探讨了一系列可以增强安全性的技巧与策略 ,包括 :系统安装原则、BIOS安全、口令安全策略、设计帐户自动注销功能、文件系统和日志安全策略、使用 SSH及 TCP-WRAPPERS,隐藏系统信息、删除所有特殊帐户、关闭控制台程序、限制系统中的 SUID/ SGID程序等。本文最后向 L inux系统管理员提出了一些安全管理方面的建议     

CIS与现代企业管理美学

概括性介绍了 ＣＩＳ（Ｃｏｒｐｏｒａｔｅ Ｉｄｅｎｔｉｔｙ Ｓｙｓｔｅｍ）的三大基本组成，并阐述了它与现代企业管理密不可分的相互联系及所处的举足轻重的地位，指出导入ＣＩＳ是现代企业谋求发展的重要手段。     

Divergent patterns of engagement in Internet standardization: Japan,Korea and China

This article analyzes the engagement of Japanese, Korean and Chinese participants in the development of Internet standards at IETF on the basis of four quantitative metrics: attendance, patenting, authorship and leadership. The results are strikingly divergent. Japanese involvement in Internet standardization began early and Japan was, for many years, second only to the U.S. in terms of IETF participation. Though Japanese participation has declined since the early 2000s, Japan remains a major contributor to IETF standardization. Korean involvement in IETF has always been significant, but below the levels of Japan and major European countries. Korean participation in IETF has also declined over the past decade, and has been dominated by one firm, Samsung. Though meaningful Chinese involvement in IETF did not begin until the mid-2000s, it has rapidly expanded in recent years. Today, China is a major player in numerous areas of Internet standardization in terms of three metrics (participation, patenting and leadership), and is rapidly gaining in terms of document authorship as well. Most of China׳s recent IETF involvement can be attributed to Huawei, though other Chinese firms have recently begun to increase their participation in the organization. Thus, contrary to some views that China׳s engagement with standardization is primarily one of indigenous innovation and “catching up”, China׳s experience with IETF demonstrates deliberate and effective engagement with a major Western standards-development organization on its own terms.     

Comparing FTTH access networks based on P2P and PMP fibre topologies

There is an ongoing discussion in the market which Next Generation Access (NGA) architecture best suits future needs and which investment and cost differences exist. The discussion can be subsumed as P2P vs. GPON, which is somewhat misleading as this article reveals. The discussion is driven by the fact that the high capital cost and the long asset life time of fibre mean that the technology choices made today will dominate the opportunities for telecommunication business of all market players, incumbents, competitors, content providers and business and residential users for many years in the future.The paper analyzes the cost and other differences between Fibre-to-the-Home (FTTH) access network architectures and their related different wholesale approaches by using the well-known and understood steady state approach applied in other NGA analyses in the past. In addition to the steady state analysis a dynamic cost evaluation is included taking into account the different investment behaviour of the FTTH architectures over time. The results describe investment and cost differences between architectures, incumbents and wholesale based competitive operators. The analysis has been performed for different geotypes (clusters) of decreasing population density in a representative European settlement structure.     

快速成形技术的应用及热点分析

基于快速成形技术的原理,展示了快速成形技术在快速模具制造、金属零件直接成形、反求工程等领域的广泛应用,总结了快速成形制造技术研究的热点,即研发新材料和新设备、提高成形精度、建立RPM的反求工程系统、建立成形技术的统一标准和扩大成形技术的应用领域。     

Whose Image is it Anyway?: Some Considerations of the Curricular Importance of Subject Image in Secondary School Design and Technology Education

This paper explores the idea that a sense of school subject image is a necessary feature of curriculum management and a potent force for change. The discussion centres on the view that all school subjects have an image and that if those intimately involved with the subject do not control the image then someone else does! In such circumstances the image is the product of past encounters and old euphemisms and is unlikely to hold the changed realities.The UK developments in Design and Technology education (the term Design and Technology is used to denote the school subject defined under this heading by the UK National Curriculum, 1995) have created something of an image problem which has interesting international parallels. Some of these problems are due to clearly discernible internal tensions and an ambiguous relationship with other subject areas.Through greater attention to subject image internal controversies might be acknowledged and resolved, relationships with other subject areas can be more meaningfully understood and practitioners can be helped to make sense of curriculum change.     

Diffusion and usage of public e-services in Europe: An assessment of country level indicators and drivers

We analyze the state of the art of indicators on e-government, e-health, e-procurement and e-participation. We survey the main methodological properties of these indicators, and highlight their heuristic potential. Further, we address empirically the issue of the explanation of the availability scores, i.e. how the supply of the various e-services in each country is affected by political, institutional and socio-economic differences, and is followed by actual usage. The econometric analysis uncovers the importance of broadband penetration and higher education as drivers for most of the types of e-services and users (citizens and businesses). Moreover, a corruption-free and agile public sector proves to be an important pre-condition for more effective supply and usage. Despite data limitations and the complexity of the underlying diffusion phenomena, our study is the first truly longitudinal contribution aimed at disentangling the common drivers of such an important phenomenon – the e-services availability and usage across European countries. As such, this work appears useful to inform the policy debate and practice, in a phase characterized by a prospective reorientation of the public e-services provision and policy agenda.     

一种高精度的频率标准比对系统

频率标准源可以提供精确的标准频率,在测定频率标准源的各项性能指标时,要求测试系统必须具有很高的比对精度。所设计的频率标准比对系统采取多级倍频 混频方式使频率偏差逐级扩大后再测量,从而避免了直接进行高次倍频的困难,提高了测量精度,可以对高精度的频率标准的准确度、长短期频率稳定度进行快速测量,是一种高精度时畴参数测量系统。     

Indigenous peoples’ nutrition transition in a right to food perspective

In indigenous communities the nutrition transition characterized by a rapid westernization of diet and lifestyle is associated with rising prevalence of chronic disease. Field work and literature reviews from two different policy environments, Argentina (Jujuy) and Canada (Nunavut), identified factors that add to indigenous peoples’ disease risk. The analytical framework was the emerging human right to adequate food approach to policies and programmes. Indigenous peoples’ chronic disease risk tends to increase as a result of government policies that infringe on indigenous peoples’ livelihoods and territories, undermining their economic system, values and solidarity networks. Policies intended to increase food security, including food aid, may also fuel the nutrition transition. There is a need to explore further the connection between well-intended policies towards indigenous peoples and the development of chronic diseases, and to broaden the understanding of the role that different forms of discrimination play in the westernization of their lifestyles, values and food habits. Food policies that take due account of indigenous peoples’ human rights, including their right to enjoy their culture, may counteract the growth of chronic disease in these communities.     

HSE走进中国石油

企业管理水平的好坏直接影响着企业的经济效益,运用HSE管理能提高企业管理水平,HSE管理模式将健康,安全,环境三者视为一个有机的整体。HSE管理认为人的安全是第一位的,人是创造财富的原动力,是企业的最大财产,HSE管理体系强调的是“蝴蝶效应”。