Institutions and environmental governance: A reconceptualization

This article presents the conceptual revisions needed to extend the new institutional approach to environmental governance from its current local and international domains of application to all governance solutions, including national environmental and natural resource use policies and multi-level governance solutions that are increasingly used to address global environmental change. The article suggests that environmental governance is best understood as the establishment, reaffirmation or change of institutions to resolve conflicts over environmental resources. It also explains why the choice of these institutions is a matter of social justice rather than of efficiency. The article suggests a way to understand formal and state-centered governance solutions as forms of collective ownership not unlike common property. The article demonstrates how institutional analysis can gain resolution by looking at the functional and structural tiers, organization of governance functions, and formulation of key institutional rules as key aspects of the design of governance institutions.     

The god of the mountain and Godavarman: Net Present Value,indigenous territorial rights and sacredness in a bauxite mining conflict in India

This article provides an environmental and institutional history of the highly politicized and contested process of setting a Net Present Value (NPV) for forests in India, in a context of increasing conflicts over land for development, conservation and indigenous rights. Decision-making documents in the Supreme Court and in one specific case of a bauxite mining conflict involving Vedanta in the Niyamgiri hills are studied to come to conclusions about how economic valuation of forests has moved through the political process. We argue that establishing NPV for forests is neither conducive to conservation nor to environmental justice for the following three reasons. The technical and political process of setting prices deepens and reproduces structural inequalities with negative distributive effects. NPV encourages economistic decision-making procedures that exclude participation. Finally NPV does not recognize or take into account cultural difference or plural values. We thus conclude that economic valuation of forest products and services has not managed to “save” forests in India and is not an effective or viable strategy for expressing the value of forests or for environmental conservation and environmental justice activism.     

股权结构与股权代理成本关系的实证研究——基于2011年创业板上市公司的数据研究

公司治理的基础是股权结构,核心问题就是如何降低代理成本,但是由于特殊的历史原因,我国股权分置制度存在的弊端严重影响着公司治理。根据代理理论,股权代理成本可以划分为管理层与股东之间利益冲突引起的第一类代理成本和控股股东与中小股东之间利益冲突引起的第二类代理成本。所以本文就基于股权分置改革后的视角,以2011年创业板上市公司为样本,采用理论与实证相结合的分析方法来分析股权结构与股权代理成本之间的关系,得出股权集中度可以降低第一类代理成本和第二类代理成本;股权制衡度在一定程度上可以降低第二类代理成本,但会提高第一类代理成本;负债也会有助于降低第一类代理成本;而管理层和机构投资者持股并未起到降低代理成本的作用。     

领导企业治理下创新生态系统演进路径研究

关于创新生态系统参与主体风险冲突及治理的研究,目前只停留在风险产生原因及应对策略方面,主要侧重于静态视角,鲜有文献从创新生态系统演进过程动态视角,并结合创新生态系统驱动主体领导企业考察风险防范和治理问题,而后者对于创新生态系统可持续发展更为重要。构建了领导企业治理的创新生态系统由契约规则到关系规则演化路径分析框架,并以比亚迪新能源汽车创新生态系统为案例进行实证研究。从创新生态系统形成初期领导企业主导的契约治理到成熟阶段关系治理是一个连续不间断的演化过程,基于领导企业治理的创新生态系统演化路径,包含契约规则主导的协同创新到契约规则向关系规则转换的创新网络形成再到由关系规则主导的开放式创新3个阶段,该过程以领导企业借助创新生态系统规范化设计完成整个创新生态系统互动、协同为主要形式。治理重点从企业间契约治理向领导企业主导的对整个创新生态系统关系治理转移,契约治理则转化为由领导企业主导以网络化设计为基础的关系互动和协同治理。     

城市空间中的网络联盟:转型期中国城市治理的路径选择

合作主义理论特别重视协调与整合,这一理论基点恰好顺应了转型社会尤其是政府主导的转型社会的根本需求,从而成为中国城市治理的理论诉求。面对个人"原子化"、社会"破碎化"等矛盾重重的城市社会现实,本文首先论证了中国语境下合作主义的正向维度,然后借鉴西方国家有益的做法,提出了当代中国转型期城市社会治理的路径:建立城市空间中的网络联盟。在网络联盟的框架下,通过更广泛、更深入的社会参与、协商、协作,改善城市经济与社会生活,实现转型期城市的"善治"。     

试论水资源保护的制度缺陷及其改革

<中华人民共和国取水许可和水资源费征收管理条例>是我国对水资源使用进行收费的法律依据.但是,从社会公平和环境保护的角度,水资源费制度必然要被水资源税的制度所取代.本文分析比较了荷兰和丹麦两个水资源税制度比较成熟的国家,总结出我国可以借鉴的一些经验.并对我国将来可能的水资源税制度的基本要素作了设计,希望能够为今后的工作提供参考.     

大学科研治理：冲突与变革——基于大学科研人员治理主体

建设创新型国家和“双一流”大学是国家重大战略决策。近年来，大学科研人员创新积极性受诸多因素掣制，难以充分激发，引起广泛关注。借鉴现代冲突理论，探讨大学科研治理中，科研人员因所处弱势地位而可能面临的冲突；阐述冲突的表现，包括群际冲突、群内冲突、学科冲突和个体冲突；分析冲突的生成，主要有政府信任假设与期待冲突、科技制度供给与需求冲突及治理方式对立与合作冲突；阐发大学科研治理变革的理论逻辑，主要有互动互信是大学科研治理的前提、科技制度是大学科研治理的保障、协同共治是大学科研治理的目标；提出变革的实践路径，包括诚信建设常态化、科技制度体系化、制度创新多元化、治理方式柔性化、科研服务精细化和治理手段智能化。     

雾霾污染对外商直接投资的影响研究

基于中国271个地级以上城市2007—2016年的PM_2.5浓度数据,实证分析了雾霾污染对外商直接投资的影响,创新性地使用年均降水量作为缓解雾霾污染内生性的工具变量,在2SLS的统一框架内估计雾霾污染对外商直接投资的影响。主要结论有:雾霾污染与外商直接投资之间存在正相关关系,地方政府进行大力的环境治理可以减少环境污染,能够缓解外商直接投资压力;2012—2016年间雾霾污染对外商直接投资的影响要显著高于2007—2011年间的,可以预见未来治霾能够更加有效地缓解外商直接投资压力;大中城市雾霾污染对于外商直接投资的影响要显著小于小城市,内陆城市对于雾霾污染治理的难度要大于沿海城市。政策启示在于,雾霾减排将不可避免地深刻影响地方政府的行为,雾霾减排可以缓解外商直接投资压力,地方政府应该积极地投入到环境治理之中,促进环境治理和地方经济增长良性循环。     

过程、结果维度的环境治理与企业财务绩效

目前国内外对于环境治理与企业财务绩效之间关系的研究,结论不一致且不能有效比较,可能是由于没有区分环境治理的不同维度,而高成本的环境治理过程与环境治理结果之间的关系尚不明确。本文基于2009—2017年A股公司年报手工搜集企业环境治理数据,基于权衡理论、自然资源理论和TLGT效应等,检验了环境治理过程和结果与企业财务绩效之间的非线性关系。结果发现:环境治理过程正向影响环境治理结果,而环境治理过程和结果两个维度都与企业财务绩效呈U型关系,较差的环境治理过程和结果均负向影响财务绩效,而较好的环境治理过程和结果均正向影响财务绩效,并且环境治理结果在环境治理过程和企业财务绩效之间发挥非线性中介作用。进一步检验发现,过程维度的环境治理仅通过成本效应路径影响财务绩效,而结果维度的环境治理同时通过成本效应路径和差异化效应路径影响财务绩效。本文基于中国的制度背景将环境治理划分为治理过程和治理结果两个维度,为企业环境治理与财务绩效之间的关系提供了经验证据,并对促进中国企业环境治理提供了一定启示。     

核心企业治理能力对模块化组织价值创新的影响

模块化组织中核心企业治理能力直接关系到组织价值创新绩效。构建了核心企业治理能力影响模块化组织价值创新的概念模型,并将环境动态性作为调节变量引入该模型。基于268家以模块化方式运行的样本企业数据开展实证研究发现：核心企业治理能力所包含的系统设计能力、合作主导能力、关系协调能力和知识重构能力均对模块化组织价值创新产生了正向影响。其中,系统设计能力对组织价值创新的促进作用最大,其它依次为关系协调能力、知识重构能力和合作主导能力;在环境动态性的调节作用下,核心企业关系协调能力和知识重构能力会增强对组织价值创新的正向影响,而系统设计能力和合作主导能力会削弱对组织价值创新的正向影响。     

La gouvernance des organisations de l’Economie Sociale et Solidaire à l’épreuve dynamique de leurs « Grandeurs »

THE DYNAMICS OF PLURAL ‘WORTH’ AS A CHALLENGE TO THE GOVERNANCE OF SOCIAL AND SOLIDARITY‐BASED ECONOMY ORGANIZATIONS This article resorts to Boltanski and Thevenot's Economies of Worth model (1987, 1991) to examine from a theoretical stance the various institutional logics competing in social and solidarity‐based economy organizations (SSEOs). The originality of our approach does not lie so much in the identification of the main conventions shaping the governance of SSEOs, but rather in the analysis of the conflicts and achievable compromises among each of these polities. Our contribution is threefold. We first show that the competition among several conventions generates organizational conflicts that are difficult to solve. We then reveal that achieving an (ephemeral) compromise entails a risk of excluding a ‘polity’, which may in turn weaken the governance of SSEOs. We finally sketch out some perspectives allowing to mitigate this risk. In particular, we outline organizational strategies likely to frame the governance of SSEOs without impairing their identities and plural forms of ‘worth’.     

From geopolitics to geoeconomics: Transnational state effects in the borderlands

This article reads Ohmae's arguments about ‘the end of the nation‐state’ against the arguments of Luttwak about the centrality of ‘geoeconomics’ in the new world order. By exploring the limits of both their arguments, the article develops a much more critical account of geoeconomics, suggesting that it can be used by scholars of boundaries and geopolitics to come to terms with the development of cross‐border regionalism and associated transnational state effects (i.e. transnational governance imperatives) in the context of free trade. Geoeconomics is thus argued to describe the localised changes in governance imperatives implicated in a series of economically‐driven and quite quotidian challenges to national borders on the ground in both North America and Europe. The article outlines how an examination of localised strategies to create cross‐border regions in the context of globalised economic interdependencies offers a research window onto processes currently challenging the nation‐state from the ground up. As such, it is argued that the case studies discussed here also offer a way of empirically evaluating the geoeconomic influence of discourses about ‘the end of the nation‐state’ promoted by writers such as Ohmae.     

浅析企业管理沟通中的问题及对策

现代企业员工之间的利益、文化越来越呈现出多元化特征,矛盾和冲突不断增加。解决这些问题的关键因素之一就是进行有效的管理沟通。本文分析了企业管理沟通中存在的问题,并提出了相应的对策。     

Poverty,disputes, and access to justice in two Indonesian provinces

This analysis explores the determinants behind the unequal access to justice services among poor Indonesians. The study analyzes the stock of observed past disputes by socioeconomic group and the demand for conflict resolution services for unresolved conflicts or “trajectories.” It also models the hypothetical demand of justice services for future disputes. Results suggest that unequal access to justice might go beyond the financial costs of seeking justice and also depends on individual preferences and community infrastructure. These findings warn against focusing exclusively on formal justice costs to improve the equal access of the poor to conflict resolution services.     

SCP范式下政府购买环境公共服务政策机制研究——基于多元主体协同治理的理论视角

政府购买环境公共服务,是实现国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的重要举措,也是推进多元主体参与环境公共服务的重要改革方向。借助SCP范式,引入目标管理、策略选择以及多元主体协同治理理论,着重分析了政府购买环境公共服务过程中,参与主体与购买内容结构对不同主体策略选择行为的影响,在此基础上进一步剖析了参与主体策略行为对最终绩效的影响。研究发现,我国多元主体参与的协同治理机制尚未形成,上级政策法规不健全导致整体治理结构尚未完善,目前二元协同会导致社会整体福利损失,不同策略选择行为所导致的绩效侧重对该策略具有正反馈。据此,应通过扩充参与主体并保障其参与地位、加快专项法规体系建设、建立顺畅的沟通协调机制、完善绩效评估内容等方式优化政府购买环境公共服务机制,有效推进环境治理工作。     

Growing China’s renewables sector: a developmental state approach

Over the last decade China expanded its renewable energy sector with unprecedented speed. This success story presents a challenge to Western modes of environmental governance, where stakeholder participation is often deemed a necessary pre-condition for effective policy outcomes. Drawing on new research (including previously unpublished interview data), the article first discusses established modes of environmental governance before examining the growth of China’s renewables sector through the theoretical lens of the ‘developmental state’. The article then analyses renewable energy policy design and implementation in China, illustrating how top-down command and control strategies have successfully diffused renewable energy technology from a standing start. We argue that (1) China’s distinct approach to the sector differs from Western modes of environmental governance and (2) this has revealed a new path towards renewable energy diffusion that authoritarian states in particular might regard as an attractive alternative to participatory models.     

中国战略机遇期的财政问题

本文从总揽全局的高度探讨一些有时空跨度的重大问题，包括近10年来财政运行中的PI题与矛盾分析、财政矛盾产生的体制性分析、战略机遇期财政在改革发展中需要承担的任务、以及完成这些任务财政自身发展需要解决的问题四个方面。文章认为，经济中的诸多矛盾正呈现向财政集中的趋势；财政矛盾成为考察经济运行状况的一个窗口，其解决也必须着眼于体制；未来财政运行的效果直接影响到战略机遇期改革与发展目标的实现；财政职能总体上将进一步扩展。     

Modern Money Theory and Distributive Justice

Modern money theory is a conjecture concerning fiscal spending and the nature of money. I show that modern money theory provides two interesting insights into distributive justice that have not been addressed in the recent Anglo-American distributive justice literature: (i) that the nature of a sovereign fiat currency allows for some distributive conflicts to be avoided; and (ii) that recent Anglo-American distributive justice theories assume that the economy is at capacity. Based on this, I consider whether the policy results of modern money theory can help foster a sense of justice.     

JOINT BIDDING,GOVERNANCE AND PUBLIC PROCUREMENT COSTS:A CASE OF ROAD PROJECTS*

ABSTRACT *** : To utilize public resources efficiently, it is important to take advantage of competition in public procurement auctions to the maximum extent. Joint bidding is a common practice that potentially facilitates competition. By pooling financial and experiential resources, more firms are expected to enter the market, but it will also directly reduce competition if more than one bidder who is solely qualified makes a coalition. In theory joint bidding may or may not be beneficial to auctioneers, depending on the model. The paper empirically examines the impacts of joint bidding on firms' entry as well as bidding behaviour, using data on public road projects in developing countries. It shows that coalitional bids, in particular by local firms, would be competitive, but foreign joint ventures would undermine competition. It is also found that good governance can encourage firms' entry into the tendering and facilitate joint bidding practices.     

集团控制与国有企业治理

本文研究集团控制对国有企业可能产生的正面影响机制——减轻管理层代理问题和可能产生的负面影响机制——加重股东间代理问题,全面评估国有企业集团控制作为国企治理模式改革的有效性。以2004年至2008年中国国有上市公司为样本的统计结果显示:(1)集团控制会有效减轻国有企业的管理层代理问题;(2)当外部监管程度高时,集团控制不会加剧国有企业的股东间代理问题;而当外部监管程度低时,集团控制会加剧国有企业的股东间代理问题。因此,集团控制是一种有效改善国有企业管理层代理问题的治理模式,而由此加剧的股东间代理问题应通过强化外部监管加以解决。