会计利润与应税所得的差异及其影响因素研究

我国的会计准则与税收法规经过改革和国际协调,二者之间的关系逐渐倾向与分离模式,这也会造成财务报告披露的会计利润与纳税申报的应税所得之间必然存在着差异。这种差异为企业盈余管理和避税提供了空间,导致许多企业存在利润和所得税巨大差异的现象。因此正确认识和处理会计利润与应税所得之间的差异,成为一个令业界瞩目的问题。     

会计稳健性对投资效率的作用机理研究——基于企业并购的研究视角

在剩余收益估值模型的基础上构造了 Basu (1997)的反函数,从而构建了可同时度量非条件稳健性和条件稳健性的实证模型,并基于企业并购的视角,探究了会计稳健性对企业投资效率的事前和事后影响。研究发现：非条件稳健性可以提升企业事前投资效率(降低并购溢价,提升累计超额收益率),阻止管理层的机会主义行为;条件稳健性会促进企业事后投资效率(并购前后绩效变化),保证项目的盈利性。进一步的研究表明：会计稳健性与企业投资效率的关系会随着上市公司代理成本的增加而越加明显。此外,国有企业和民营企业对于会计稳健性的公司治理效应存在差异。最后扩展了由 Lawrence,Sloan and Sun (2013)提出的稳健性操纵的定义。     

自然灾害、财政压力与企业避税——基于台风灾害的实证分析北大核心CSSCI

自然灾害不仅影响宏观层面的政府财政决策,同时也作用于微观层面的企业避税行为。基于此,本文选取台风灾害这一独特视角,以2008-2015年我国沿海地区A股上市公司为样本,实证探究自然灾害对企业避税行为的影响。结果表明:沿海城市所遭受的台风破坏程度越大,当地企业的避税程度越低;进一步,基于地方财政需求、企业政治特征和资本市场压力视角的横截面检验发现,该效应在不同地区、不同企业间存在显著差异;此外,在灾后避税更少的企业能够在未来期间获得更多的政府补助和信贷资源。综上所述,本文基于中国特有的政企互动关系,揭示了自然灾害对企业避税行为的影响。     

盈余管理与所得税支付：基于会计利润与应税所得之间差异的研究

公司在进行盈余管理时,往往面临着财务报告成本与税务成本的权衡。为了摆脱该困境,公司有动机通过操纵非应税项目损益,以规避盈余管理的所得税成本。本文通过考察会计利润与应税所得差异(Book-Tax Differences)和盈余管理之间的关系,证实了该假设。我们的研究表明,上市公司盈余管理幅度越大,则会计利润与应税所得差异(本文定义为非应税项目损益)也越高,即上市公司通过操纵非应税项目损益,以规避盈余管理的税负成本。我们的研究进一步发现,上市公司通过非应税项目损益规避盈余管理税负成本的行为主要发生在高税率组别,而享受所得税优惠的公司则没有呈现出该特征。另外,我们的研究还发现,上市公司主要通过操纵长期应计项目规避所得税负。但我们的研究也表明,上市公司通过非应税项目损益规避的盈余管理税负成本较为有限,平均每1元操纵利润中,只有1．8分的操纵利润可以规避所得税成本,这或许表明进行盈余管理的公司为了避免引起资本市场或税务当局的怀疑,而为其大部分利润操纵支付了所得税成本。此外,本文研究还发现,高税率公司存在强烈的通过非应税掼益项目规避所得税的动机。我们的样本公司中,平均而言,所得税税率每增加1个百分点,操纵非应税项目损益占资产的比例将增加0．029％;适用33％税率的公司与适用15％优惠税率的公司相比,为此所规避的所得税成本平均高达330万元。     

企业的避税活动会影响投资效率吗?

文章考察了企业避税活动对投资效率的影响。避税活动往往会加剧企业内外部的信息不对称程度,且会扭曲激励契约而引发代理问题;而信息不对称和代理问题是导致企业非效率投资的重要原因。因此,本文预期企业的避税程度越高,投资效率越低。采用我国上市公司1999～2010年的数据,研究发现:企业的避税程度与非效率投资额显著正相关,且这种正相关关系主要表现为避税引发了过度投资。进一步研究发现,完善的公司治理机制可以抑制避税对过度投资的影响。本文的结论补充和拓展了新近关于避税代理观的研究,也对企业的财务决策和税务部门的征管工作有重要启示。     

企业避税的战略效应——基于避税对企业产品市场绩效的影响研究

自企业避税被纳入公司治理框架以来,已有文献对于企业避税的认识存在明显差异,本文试图从避税对企业产品市场绩效的影响视角,研究避税在企业中的角色。基于我国A股上市公司样本,我们发现,与竞争者相比,企业的所得税避税程度每提高1个标准差,其未来的行业市场份额将增长1.9%。这一结论表明,避税会帮助企业建立竞争优势,从而意味着企业的避税行为具有战略效应。此外,避税的战略效应在融资约束严重的企业更为显著,但避税的战略效应并不受信息透明度、代理冲突与产权性质的影响。最后,避税对产品市场绩效的影响具有一定的持续性。本文从理论与实证上厘清了现有文献的冲突,也有一定的政策性启示。     

同行业间避税与企业的战略反应——来自我国A股上市公司的经验证据

本文运用2007-2016年中国A股上市公司数据,引入同行业竞争者的股票异常回报作为工具变量,研究同行业竞争者避税行为对企业战略反应的影响。研究发现,相比国有企业,民营企业的同行业竞争者避税行为与企业避税存在战略互补效应,即同行业竞争者的避税行为越激进,企业会选择更加激进的避税策略。探究可能影响这种战略互补效应的机制,结果显示民营企业很可能会模仿同行业领导者等被认为避税行为更有效合理的竞争对手制定避税策略。进一步发现地理距离衰减有利于降低同行业信息收集成本,导致同行业间战略互补反应更显著,即同行业避税政策模仿具有“本土偏好”。本文提供了同行业竞争对企业避税影响的因果关系证据,揭示了同行业竞争者避税行为是企业避税行为的重要影响因素。     

战略差异度与企业避税

本文以2008-2016年我国A股上市公司为研究对象,考察了战略差异度对企业避税的影响。研究发现,战略差异度对企业避税具有显著影响,战略差异度越大的上市公司,避税越激进。进一步研究发现,当企业处于非管制行业、所处地区税收征管强度较小时,战略差异度对避税的影响更加显著;并且,风险承担在企业战略差异度和避税之间关系中发挥着中介作用。本文丰富了企业战略差异度的经济后果以及避税影响因素的相关文献,有助于公司的利益相关者更好地理解公司战略对其决策行为的影响;同时,本文也为税收征管部门对采用非常规战略的公司加强税收监管提供了决策支持。     

机构投资者、税收征管与企业避税

本文研究机构投资者对企业避税的因果关系影响。有鉴于机构投资者和企业避税之间的内生性问题,本文选择机构投资者与被投资上市公司之间的空间距离作为机构持股的工具变量,我们发现在控制内生性之后,机构投资者对企业避税行为仍然存在明显的制约作用;进一步研究发现机构投资者与税收征管在避税上存在互为补充的关系,同时机构投资者能通过抑制企业避税提升公司价值,而这一效应在税收征管强的地区更为明显。本文提供了机构投资者对企业避税影响的因果关系证据,从而拓展了机构投资者公司治理作用的文献,对于抑制管理层的机会主义倾向和治理企业避税也有重要的实践意义。     

税收规避与审计收费

本文从税收规避的价值效应、信息质量效应和代理问题等角度,探讨了税收规避与审计收费的关系.研究发现:税收规避与审计收费整体上呈"U"型关系;当公司税收规避程度较低时,避税的价值效应占主导,税收规避程度与审计收费负相关;当公司税收规避程度较高时,避税引发的代理问题占主导,表现为税收规避程度与审计收费正相关.上述因果关系的成立不因产权性质的不同而发生改变.进一步分析表明,机构投资者持股和调研均发挥了监督作用,能够相应地强化价值效应和削弱代理冲突.本文丰富了审计师视角下企业避税的二重作用效应研究,也推进了不同风险水平下机构投资者的公司治理效果研究.     

Entry mode choice of multinational banks

When expanding abroad, a multinational bank faces a trade-off between accessing a foreign country via cross border lending or financial foreign direct investment, i.e. greenfield or acquisition entry. We analyze the entry mode choice of multinational banks and explicitly derive the entry mode pattern in the banking industry. Moreover, we show that in less developed banking markets, a trend towards cross border lending and acquisition entry exists. Greenfield entry prevails in more developed markets. Furthermore, we identify a tendency towards acquisition entry in smaller host countries and towards greenfield entry in larger host countries.     

TAX UNCERTAINTIES AND THE INVESTMENT DECISION

This paper investigates how the firm's investment decision is affected by uncertainties in the tax laws under an asymmetric structure of income taxation. Tax liability is modelled as a call option, and tax uncertainties are modelled as randomness in the exercise price of the call option. The effects on the investment decision are derived by evaluating the comparative statics of the optimal investment level with respect to the volatility of the exercise price. The central result is that the disincentive effects of the tax uncertainties are generally exacerbated under the tax asymmetry.     

Anti-Mafia Police Actions,Criminal Firms,and Peer Firm Tax Avoidance

Mafia firms introduce distortions in the markets in which they operate, increasing the cost of doing business for peer firms. We investigate whether peers respond by increasing their tax avoidance and thus increasing funds available to compete with the Mafia firms. Using a sample of Italian anti-Mafia police actions that resulted in the removal of Mafia firms and a difference-in-differences approach, we find that peers reduce their tax avoidance following these actions. We further show that, following anti-Mafia police actions, peer firms improve their performance and increase capital investment while enjoying a reduction in the cost of raw materials. Overall, our results highlight the microlevel channels through which Mafia can affect firm outcomes and local economies.     

Corporate and personal income tax declarations

Decisions by firms and individuals on the extent of their tax payments have generally been treated as separate choices. Empirically, a positive relationship between corporate and personal income tax evasion can be observed. The theoretical analysis in this paper shows that a manager's decision on the firm's behaviour will be independent of his personal preferences if the gain from reducing corporate tax payments is certain, as in the case of tax avoidance. If, however, the firm evades taxes so that the manager's income depends on whether the firm's activities are detected or not, corporate and personal income tax evasion choices cannot be separated. Jel Code H 24 · H 25 · H 26     

Reporting Frequency, Information Precision and Private Information Acquisition

Abstract:  This study examines whether the choice between quarterly and semiannual reporting affects the precision of investors' information and their private information acquisition activities. In the first part of this study, we show that a firm's reporting frequency has no effect on the average precision of investors' information. However, our analysis of announcement-period price variance and share turnover shows that an increase in reporting frequency does make interim and annual financial reports a more important component of investors' information set, relative to other sources of information. In particular, the results of this analysis suggest that investors of semiannual reporters hold more precise pre-announcement information than investors of quarterly reporters. In the second part of our study, we test one explanation for this finding. We argue that an increase in a firm's reporting frequency reduces investors' incentives to acquire private information between consecutive announcement dates and, consequently, should reduce information asymmetry among investors, increase share liquidity, and stimulate trading. Consistent with this reasoning, we find that quarterly reporters have lower average bid-ask spreads and higher abnormal share turnover than semiannual reporters.     

Firm-level political sentiment and corporate tax avoidance

This paper examines how managers' tone on political issues in earnings conference calls relates to corporate tax avoidance. We find a positive relationship between managers' tone of using political linguistics and tax avoidance, while controlling for non-political tone. The relationship is more pronounced for firms with greater political exposure, higher lobbying expenditures, greater information asymmetry, and more risk-taking. The empirical results remain robust with various additional checks. Overall, our evidence suggests that managers employ the sentiment of political risk disclosure for aggressive tax purposes.     

减税政策对小微企业债务期限结构的影响

本文主要探讨减税政策对小微企业债务期限结构的影响。理论上,减税政策对企业债务期限结构产生两种方向相反的效果:一是减税后企业盈利状况改善,激励银行通过延长债务期限以争取企业客户;二是减税后企业可支配现金流增加,加剧银行与企业间的委托代理问题,促使银行缩短债务期限以便加强企业监督。本文以所得税减半征收政策作为自然实验,基于全国税收调查数据库(2010-2015)考察了减税政策对小微企业债务期限结构的影响。实证结果显示:减税后企业的债务期限整体得以延长;如果减税后企业的盈利状况改善更多,或可支配现金流增长更缓,企业债务期限延长幅度更大。此外,本文发现在快速扩张行业、有产能过剩风险行业以及房地产上下游关联行业中的企业往往会因为较强的代理成本效应而面临减税后债务期限的边际缩短。本文研究结论对改善企业融资结构,特别对提高小微企业获取中长期贷款能力,有一定的参考意义。     

Product market threats and tax avoidance

In this paper, we find that product market threats increase firms’ tax avoidance. This association is especially observed for firms that pursue tax avoidance more than their optimal target level (i.e., actively tax-avoiding firms). In addition, among these firms with active tax avoidance practices, firms with weaker corporate governance structure, lower financial flexibility, and greater predation risk are more likely to experience the positive relationship between product market threats and tax avoidance. Further evidence suggests that higher levels of tax avoidance driven by product market threats do not come with higher levels of tax uncertainty and rather positively affect firms’ profitability. This result highlights the decoupling relationship between tax avoidance and tax uncertainty.     

Tax avoidance and ex ante cost of capital

This study examines the association between tax avoidance and ex ante cost of equity capital. Based on prior research, we develop two proxies for investors’ expectations of tax avoidance and explore whether deviations from those expectations result in higher ex ante cost of equity capital. We find that the ex ante cost of equity capital increases with tax avoidance that is either below or above investor expectations and that the increase is larger for tax avoidance that exceeds investors’ expectations. We then examine whether firms that alter their future tax avoidance exhibit a lowering of their ex ante cost of equity capital and find that tax avoidance decreases (increases) from the prior year for firms that were above (below) investors’ expectations in the prior year. These results are consistent with the trade‐off suggested by the Scholes and Wolfson framework and reinforce the notion that balancing tax benefits and non‐tax costs is an important feature of firms’ tax planning.     

Does common auditor have an impact on corporate tax avoidance? An investigation from the supply chain perspective

We find that, at both the audit firm and partner level, having a common auditor in the supply chain has a significant positive association with the supplier company's degree of tax avoidance. Companies report a higher level of tax avoidance when they are audited by an industry-expert or a tax expert common auditor, when the common audit partner is economically dependent on the supplier company, when the audit client is in a highly competitive industry, and when the company is subject to a high level of information asymmetry. Moreover, we find potential audit quality issues embedded in common audits in the supply chain.