北方牧区居民家庭食物消费结构与特征研究

[目的]文章以内蒙古自治区呼伦贝尔市内鄂温克族自治旗、陈巴尔虎旗、新巴尔虎右旗为典型区域,定量研究我国北方牧区居民家庭食物消费结构及特征,以期丰富我国牧区的食物消费数据库、促进牧区居民食物消费转型升级。[方法]采用分层抽样,通过实地入户3d跟踪称重调研,获取典型区域内204户居民家庭食物消费的一手数据,结合中国居民膳食宝塔推荐值和传统农村(山东省)居民食物消费数据,对牧区家庭食物消费结构进行分析。[结果](1)牧区居民家庭人均食物消费量为495.99g/(人·餐),其中植物性食物消费量是动物性食物的2.4倍;蔬菜消费占比最高(24.43%),其次是面粉(18.39%)、奶类(12.62%)和肉类(11.39%);粮食消费中50%以上为面粉消费,肉类消费中60%以上为牛羊肉消费。(2)不同区域和群体间消费差异明显。收入水平较高的家庭对非主食类食物(肉类、食用油、零食和酒水)的消费量更高,而对薯类的消费量更低;与少数民族相比,饮食主要决定人为汉族的家庭人均食物消费量更低,且对奶类、酒水的消费量明显更低。(3)与中国居民平衡膳食宝塔推荐值相比,呼伦贝尔牧区居民食物消费表现出高油多盐的特征,同时对牛羊肉为主的肉类和谷薯类的消费偏高,而对水产类、水果和奶类的消费明显不足;与传统农村居民家庭食物消费相比,牧区居民的蔬菜、大豆及坚果的消费量更低。[结论]牧区居民食物消费有了主、副食兼用的趋势,且仍能体现地域特色,但饮食结构仍呈现单一化,对牛羊肉等肉类消费过量情况尤为突出。     

我国东北地区农村生活能源消费结构与变化趋势分析

[目的]为推动我国区域农村能源结构的可持续发展,系统分析了东北地区1991~2014年农村生活能源消费结构的时空变化特征。[方法]以1991~2014年的数据为基础,采用时间序列分析法,对东北地区和分省的农村生活能源消费总量和人均消费量、商品能源和非商品能源结构进行了分析。[结果]我国东北地区农村生活能源消费总量和人均消费量分别增加了51.0%和95.6%,2005年以后人均消费量平均增长率达到6.5%。从能源消费结构来看,商品能源消费量呈逐渐升高的趋势,所占比重达到35%;秸秆、柴薪消费比重由65%、16.4%下降至43%、13.7%,而煤、油、燃气、沼气、太阳能比重分别增长至24.6%、2.7%、1.9%、0.3%、1.1%,电的消费量年度间波动较大,体现出东北地区农村生活能源向多样化和商品化方向发展。从区域结构看,东北三省人均生活能源消费量均呈上升趋势,辽宁省人均消费量显著低于吉林省和黑龙江省,家庭取暖能源消耗差异是主要原因;吉林省非商品能源消费比例有所提高,而辽宁省和黑龙江省则呈下降趋势,可能与农民家庭收入水平有关。[结论]促进东北地区秸秆能源化利用,是保障农村能源有效供应、推动生态环境保护的重要途径。     

Household Food Consumption in a Developing Economy:

The primary objective of this paper is to describe household rice consumption patterns in Nigeria with evidence from Imo State, determine the nature, magnitude and direction of income, price and cross price elasticities of demand, and examine the factors influencing household rice consumption. A budget survey of 50 randomly selected rural and urban households in Imo State, Nigeria, interviewed. The survey was repeated for 14 months between November 1984 and January 1986, providing the data used for analysis. There were significant differences between urban and rural household per capita daily rice consumption. Income (expenditure) elasticity of demand was greater than unity, and decreased, as expected, from low to high income groups. Household income was the most important determinant of food consumption. The implications of these findings for food and international trade policy are discussed.     

1984～2014年农业种养结构变化对城乡居民食物消费升级的响应研究

[目的]基于1984~2014年中国城乡居民食物消费与种养用地面积变化的时间序列数据,通过分析农业种养结构与食物消费之间的互馈机制,从人口与资源维度、 农业维度、 市场维度多视角研究农业种养结构对城乡居民食物消费升级的响应.[方法]通过引进食物消费结构熵与种养结构熵,首先说明了食物消费与种养用地转型的新趋势,然后利用灰色关联分析将诱使各类种养用地面积变化的主导因素提炼出来.[结果](1)城乡居民食物消费结构熵与农业种养结构熵均向多元、 均衡方向发展且年均增长率分别达到3.29%与1.73%,食物消费结构熵变化速度快于种养结构熵;(2)农业种养结构熵与城乡居民食物消费结构熵具有联动增减性.从相关系数看,城镇家庭食物消费对种养结构变化贡献率较农村地区高5.30%;(3)通过灰色分析发现,人口与资源条件、 农业条件、 市场条件中各指标均与种养结构的变化存在极强、 强、 中等关联度.其中,人均水资源量(A1)、 农业机械总动力(B1)、 农林牧渔水利业电力消费量(B2)、CPI(C3)又与种植业(Z)、 畜牧业(X)、 渔业(Y)变化存在r>0.90的极强关联;(4)种植业内部结构也存在粮食作物与菜瓜果、 糖油料等经济作物的不断竞争,1984年菜瓜果、 粮食面积分别占种养用地总面积的2.02%、80.64%,2014年占比变为6.69%、57.47%,表现出菜瓜果缓慢扩张、 粮食剧烈收缩的整体态势.[结论]农业种养结构因中国城乡居民的食物消费增厚而逐渐转型,为寻求农业种养结构调整的改良效应,实现供需相契,必须削减不合时宜的农产品供应、 合理配置粮经饲用地以适应需求升级的情况.     

The effect of violent conflict on calorie consumption and dietary quality in Iraq

By combining 2012 Living Standard Measurement Survey cross-sectional survey responses and georeferenced conflict data, this study quantifies the effect of violent conflict on food security and dietary quality in Iraq. Specifically, it estimates the effect of physical insecurity on different food security dimensions, including caloric consumption and household dietary diversity. Because disrespecting war-related foreign national cemeteries is a war crime that discourages nearby fighting, instrumenting conflict intensity by the exogenous variation in distance between these sites and household place of residence addresses potential sources of bias. The instrumental variable analysis confirms the positive (negative) effect of conflict—deriving from state, non-state and one-sided violence (e.g., attacks by the Islamic State)—on per capita caloric consumption (household dietary diversity), which although counterintuitive is unsurprising given Iraq's relatively high-income levels and changes in dietary pattern. Given that the primary driver of conflict's positive effect on calories is increased consumption of carbohydrates and, to a lesser extent, saturated fat, these results suggest that in countries transitioning to Western-style diets, violent conflict may drive the population toward an unhealthier diet, contributing heavily to a growing national prevalence of nutrition-related non-communicable diseases.     

The demand for selected nutrients by Greek households: an empirical analysis with quantile regressions

The article uses information from the 1993–1994 Household Consumption Survey and the semiparametric quantile regression approach to analyze the demand for three macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, and fats) and three micronutrients (minerals, vitamins, and cholesterol) in Greece. According to the empirical results the age of the household head, the degree of urbanization, the percentage of food expenditure devoted to food away‐from‐home, and the per capita consumption expenditure affect the intakes of nutrients across all the five quantiles considered. The impact, however, of the household head's gender and the impact of his (her) educational achievement are located only at the lower and the higher quantiles, respectively. The expenditure elasticities are substantially lower than unity, suggesting inelastic responses of nutrient intakes to per capita consumption expenditure.     

东南丘陵区农村生活能源消费结构时空变异分析

[目的]为明确我国农村能源消费结构的区域特征,推动我国东南丘陵区农村经济和能源环境的可持续发展。[方法]以1991~2014年农村能源的统计数据为基准,选取上海、浙江、福建、江西、湖北、湖南、广东、海南等8个省(市),系统分析了煤、电、油、液化石油气、天然气、煤气、秸秆、柴薪、沼气和太阳能等能源消费结构的变化特征。[结果](1)从能源消费强度看,东南丘陵区农村生活能源消费总量呈现先升高后下降的趋势(以2004年为分界点),2014年较1991年降低了14%;农村生活能源人均消费量呈逐渐升高的趋势,增幅为34%。(2)从能源消费结构来看,非商品能源消费所占比重逐渐下降,而商品能源消费比重显著提升,并于2011年后开始高于非商品能源;秸秆和柴薪的消费比重从1991年的80.8%降至2014年的39.6%,而煤、电、沼气、油、液化石油气、太阳能消费比重均显著增加,分别达到28.4%、17.7%、3.5%、2.9%、4.7%、14%、3%。(3)从能源消费区域结构看,不同省份之间农村生活能源变化存在区域异质性,湖南和海南省生活能源消费总量呈升高趋势,其余5省份则相反;至2014年,浙江、江西、湖南、广东商品能源开始占主导地位,而福建、湖北和海南省秸秆、柴薪的利用比重仍高于50%。[结论]因地制宜开展多元化、重点化、渐进化的农村能源发展模式,推动区域能源结构调整,是保障东南丘陵区农村生活能源有效供应、推动农村经济发展的理性选择。     

贸易自由化对中国食物消费不平等的影响与路径研究——基于多元多重中介效应模型的检验

随着经济发展,人们生活水平不断提高,中国人均食物消费量不断提高,但食物消费不平等问题依然比较突出。本文基于贸易自由化的角度,引入价格和收入两个中介变量,利用中国家庭收入项目调查数据及其他相关数据,通过多元多重中介效应模型,从理论和实证上分析了贸易自由化对中国食物消费不平等的影响。研究发现,贸易自由化不仅可通过提高中国居民收入水平以及降低物价两条路径显著抑制中国食物消费不平等,而且对中国食物消费不平等存在着直接的抑制作用。     

Poverty analysis in the lowlands of Papua New Guinea underscores climate vulnerability and need for income flexibility*

A severe El Niño event in 2015/16 decimated an important share of Papua New Guinea's (PNG) local crop production, leaving 10 per cent of the population with significant food shortages. Lack of recent socio‐economic data and analysis of the country's rural population impeded efforts to plan and mitigate the ensuing food crisis. This paper presents the most recent poverty analysis in Papua New Guinea in nearly a decade, and a renewed effort to inform rural production, consumption and livelihood patterns in some of the country's most remote, lowland areas. We designed a rural household survey that collected detailed consumption and expenditure data to explore poverty prevalence and correlates of per capita household expenditure. Results suggest that approximately half of the sampled individuals live in households with total per capita expenditures below the poverty line. Climate shocks have significant and possibly long‐term consequences for household welfare. Households that experienced a drought in the last 5 years are associated with significantly lower per capita expenditures. Labour diversification, via migration, is associated with greater welfare. Households with at least one migrant member are associated with 13 per cent greater per capita expenditure.     

农户行为层面生态环境问题研究进展与述评

采用文献回顾法和归纳法,从研究内容、研究视角、研究区域、研究方法和手段、数据获取等方面对农户层面生态环境问题的相关研究进行梳理与分析,最后总结了现有研究存在的问题,并探讨了未来农户层面生态环境问题研究发展的方向。主要结论如下:(1)研究内容涉及农户行为引起的农业环境问题类型、农户行为的生态环境效应、农户环境保护行为与生态建设行为、农业环境保护政策创新等方面;(2)研究视角主要包括以农业生产行为决策者农户为中心内生视角和以农户需求与以农户行为为出发点的外部视角,研究区域主要集中在经济发达地区;(3)在研究方法方面,早期主要是采用一般描述、定性分析和"事前"估计法,近年来"事后"计量模型的研究逐步增多,趋于多样化和综合性;(4)数据获取主要是农户问卷调查和参与式农村评估方法;(5)今后研究应加强农户行为对环境影响的定量评价与跟踪研究、农户环境保护响应决策机制、基于农户行为的环境政策设计等方面的研究,在数据获取方面,应将地理空间信息与问卷调查、社会经济状况结合起来,并进行农户行为与生态环境变化的长期跟踪。     

广东省种粮大户经营现状及发展对策研究

种粮大户作为新型农业生产经营的重要组成部分,对提高农民收入、提高种植效率及拉动地方经济收入具有重要作用。文章利用调查研究方法,对广东省种粮大户的经营状况进行调查,结果显示:目前广东省大户经营耕地面积规模普遍在3.3~6.6hm~2,经营方式有4种类型,大户年龄结构趋于合理区间。在这基础上对广东省种粮大户发展情况及意愿表达进行分析,认为广东省种粮大户在生产经营中面临着生产融资困难、农田基础设施薄弱及土地流转受阻等诸多问题,并提出应加大财政支持;建立健全土地流转机制;完善贷款机制;大力发展农业保险,增加抗风险能力;提高社会化服务,提高种粮大户素质;提高农业机械化水平等促进广东省种粮大户健康发展的对策建议,对促进广东省粮食生产,保证地区粮食安全及相似省份粮食生产都具有现实和重要指导意义。     

The impact of integrated livestock disease management for food security in Togo

In sub-Saharan Africa, livestock is one of the key channels through which most households meet their food security needs. However, diseases such as the African Animal Trypanosomosis (AAT) constrain productivity. Using data from 445 randomly sampled small-scale cattle farmers, this paper investigates the role of integrated livestock disease control on household food security. Using a novel approach to link different food security measures to cattle productivity, the paper identifies the channels of impact at the household level. Methodologically, the paper estimated the propensity score matching algorithm to net out the effect of adoption. The results show that households who adopt RDU have record livestock productivity and higher consumption per capita expenditures. They tend to be more food secure, experience lower seasonal food supply fluctuations and experience a lower probability of falling below the food poverty line.     

Expenditure Pattern for Food Away from Home Consumption in Turkey

ABSTRACT

One of the largest recent changes in consumer food purchasing behavior is the trend towards greater consumption of food eaten outside the home. Between 1994 and 2000, the share of total food expenditures spent on food away from home (FAFH) increased from 7 to 15% with an increasing share for fast-food facilities. This study focuses on whether demographic and socioeconomic factors have detectable effects on Turkish FAFH expenditures. This question is of interest because previous studies suggest that increasing household income, education, female labor participation and changing lifestyle especially in developing countries increased household FAFH consumption share but decreased food at home consumption share. However, no study to our knowledge has examined the combined effect of income, education, employment, and family status on Turkish FAFH consumption. The data for this research were obtained from personal interviews of representative sample households of the province of Adana in Turkey. The findings of this study generally indicate that restaurant facilities, employment of wife and education, composition of household, and income are statistically significant determinants of FAFH consumption.     

Economies of Scale and the Demand for Food in Switzerland: Parametric and Non‐Parametric Analysis

This paper examines the role of household public goods arising from co‐residence and economies of scale in the allocation of household expenditure. Using both parametric and non‐parametric methods, the paper tests the theoretical prediction that in the presence of shared public goods, larger households should have higher per capita consumption of private goods like food, provided that they do not substitute too much towards the effectively cheaper public good. The results indicate that, at constant per capita total expenditure, the per capita demand for food declines with household size. No evidence is found in favour of the hypothesis that the endogeneity of male and female hours of work in the labour force could be responsible for this anomaly. However, an examination of the role of direct economies of scale in explaining this negative relationship yielded a negative relationship between household size and quality adjusted unit values, suggesting that the effects of direct economies of scale dominate those generated by public goods.     

FARM HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTION IN THE PRESENCE OF RESTRICTIONS ON DEBT: THEORY AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS

In this paper a two period life cycle model of the farm household is constructed allowing for production and restrictions on debt in which the consumption and production decisions of the farm household are simultaneous. It is shown that the farm household's production responses to exogenous changes may be qualitatively different to that predicted by the profit-maximising model when all markets are perfect. In particular, when the household is debt constrained, ‘perverse’ output effects are possible with output increasing in response to output price decreases. Further, for such households, compensation payments will have production effects. Finally, the financial situation of the farm has an impact on production for debt constrained farms.     

居民收入增长对乳制品消费影响及作用机制研究

目的 优化乳制品消费结构、推动消费方式多元化发展,能够在保持消费总量稳定增长的同时,多途径提升乳制品消费水平,加快乳制品消费转型升级,助力居民营养健康。方法 文章利用2009—2018年“中国健康与营养调查”面板数据,分析了我国居民收入增长对乳制品消费的影响,并着重讨论了城乡之间的因素差异。结果 （1）收入增长可显著提升城乡居民乳制品消费量,在利用IV-Hekit模型克服内生性后,结论依然稳健;（2）收入增长可通过丰富乳品消费种类加快乳品消费结构升级、增加乳品消费频次形成结构化膳食两条路径增加乳制品消费;（3）城市居民收入增长对乳制品消费量的正向作用更明显,城市居民收入增长对乳制品消费种类和消费频次的提升作用约为农村居民的两倍。结论 增加城乡居民对乳制品的消费,需引导居民形成多元化健康饮食方式,带动乳制品加工营养化高值化,推动地方特色乳业发展;强化乳制品消费引导和配送体系建设;组织实施低收入人群营养改善计划,保障弱势群体食物基本供给和营养不断改善。     

陕西农户生活能源消费结构影响因素实证研究

[目的]为探索农户生活能源消费结构及影响因素。[方法]文章以2018年"劳动力转移与农户生活能源"专项调查数据为依托,引入非农就业特征、抚养比和代际同住变量,运用Tobit模型分析非农就业特征、家庭人口经济特征、能源可获性、能源价格因素、区位因素及消费偏好对陕西农户生活能源消费结构的影响。[结果]非农就业特征对农户能源消费结果有显著影响;代际同住、抚养比、人均农业收入及其他收入均对生物质能源消费有显著正向影响;户主的高教育程度和外出务工经历对商品能源消费有显著正向影响;人均耕地面积、商品能源平均价格作用则相反;不同地区农户生活能源消费结构差别大且受消费偏好影响。[结论]研究表明,非农就业能够直接推动陕西农户生活能源由以生物质能源为主向以商品能源为主转型,但家庭人口经济等特征使非农就业对农户生活能源消费转型的显著影响力以经济因素为中心产生不同变化。     

Quantifying the structure of food demand in China: An econometric approach

This article examines food demand structure and its dynamics for 11 commodities in urban China. The analysis is based on household‐level expenditure survey data for two cross‐sectional surveys of Chinese households pertaining to food expenditure patterns during 1995 and 2003. Pre‐committed components of commodity demands, that are insensitive to economic variables, are explored. We use the generalized quadratic almost ideal demand system (GQAIDS) for its empirical superiority to the generalized almost ideal demand system (GAIDS), and estimate the associated parameters via full information maximum likelihood procedure (FIML) accounting for endogeneity of total expenditures on food for home consumption (FAH). We also use quality‐adjusted commodity unit values to control for quality differences resulting from commodity aggregation and food choice. Furthermore, we derive GQAIDS elasticity formulas, and estimate income elasticities without restrictions. The results partially support the hypothesis that an average Chinese household has incorporated elements of Western diet (fine grains) into traditional Chinese food diet over time. Moreover, the outcome of a simple test developed here points to possible preference changes for a majority of food staples under study.     

FARM HOUSEHOLD BEHAVIOUR AND THE TRANSITION TO POST-PRODUCTIVISM

This paper proposes a theoretical framework for examining how farm households will respond to the reversal of productivist farm policies and applies this to a longitudinal study of farm households in upland Scotland over the period 1987-91. The paper argues that the actions of farm households may be understood not only in terms of their structural situation but also as an expression of the values and motivations which underlie behaviour (their disposition-to-act). A model is proposed, in which a farm household's disposition-to-act interacts with the internal resources of the farm and household, and with the external context (markets, policies, social and cultural values), in influencing behaviour. Empirically, this model is then used to explore changing farm structures, changing allocations of labour, changing sources of farm household income, and engagement with policy measures among a sample of 300 upland farm households. The results suggest that there will be considerable diversity in farm household behaviour during the transition to post-productivism, with widespread reluctance to adjust to the new imperatives.     

长沙市城市居民生活消费的生态足迹分析

生态足迹是一种定量测量人类对自然利用程度的新方法。以长沙市为例,估算出2003年城市居民的食物、衣着、生活用品、生活用能等主要生活消费的生念足迹为1．0612hm^2。居民生活消费的总生态足迹面积为21619．831km^2,其市区面积为591．33km^2,生活消费的总生态足迹面积是其城市实际面积的36．6倍.最后就建立可持续的居民生活消费方式、促进长沙生态城市建设提出了相应的改善意见．