信用评级对债券融资成本的影响

对2014—2018年在上海证券交易所发行的公司债券进行实证分析。研究表明：国内信用评级在债券市场上是具有信息含量的,即信用评级能够在发债企业和债券投资人之间传递出具有参考价值的信息,从而减少债券市场上的信息不对称;信用评级较高的企业比评级较低的企业的债券融资成本低,同时债券的评级也会影响债券的成本,即评级越高,债券的成本越低。     

Research on Relationship of Corporate Governance and Bond Rating

The relationship between the corporate governance mechanisms and the bond rating has not been fully studied yet. Based on the corporate governance index of Investor Responsibility Research Center, this paper finds that stronger management fights and weaker shareholder fights, as measured by corporate governance index, are associated with less favorable bond ratings, after controlling for other determinants or factors that will affect bond ratings.     

结构性违约、信用分层与评级机构的策略性反应——来自中国信用债市场的证据

2014年以来，以主要集中于民企的"结构性违约"宣告了中国信用债市场刚性兑付的"结构性打破"，债券市场进入了新的发展阶段。利用2013-2017年债券数据，本文深入分析了结构性违约对评级机构行为和效率的影响，主要有如下发现：首先，信用评级的市场公信力会因政府隐性担保导致的"刚性兑付"而削弱；其次，结构性违约爆发之后，信用评级的整体效率有所提升，但在不同发行主体呈现分化，对于非城投类企业，信用评级对发行利差的影响显著增大，意味着评级公信力的显著提升，而对于城投类企业，评级效率并未明显改善；进一步研究表明，出现这种情况的原因在于评级机构在违约后采取了差异化的评级策略，对于违约风险较大的非城投类债券，评级机构倾向采取"收紧评级"的策略；对于违约风险较低的城投债，评级机构倾向于采取"放宽评级"的策略。这种策略性行为是导致市场"信用分层"的重要原因，并有可能推升民营企业的融资成本。     

Corporate Governance and Corporate Bond Liquidity

Using a unique dataset of corporate bond trading information and corporate governance evaluation scores, this study examines the determinants of corporate bond market liquidity in Korea. In particular, this study explores whether corporate governance performance of a company influences liquidity of bonds issued by the company. The paper reports three important findings. First, the issue size and age of bond are important determinants of bond liquidity. Second, liquidity of corporate bonds is influenced by changes in macroeconomic conditions. Third, and most importantly, better corporate governance increases liquidity of corporate bonds. This result suggests that corporate governance is an important determinant of bond liquidity, as it lowers transaction costs by improving transparency and reducing asymmetry of information. This paper contributes to the literature by providing new evidence that corporate governance performance is an important determinant of liquidity in corporate bond markets.     

探索性因子分析与验证性因子分析异同比较

探索性因子分析与验证性因子分析是因子分析的两种形式。它们都是以普通因子模型为理论基础，但两者之间也有区别，如在基本思想、应用前提、理论假设、分析步骤和应用范围等方面均存在较大差异。在管理研究中，使用因子分析时，应将这两种因子分析方法结合起来使用。     

纳税信用评级制度与企业创新——“赏善”比“罚恶”更有效？

前期研究证实纳税稽查、反避税等强制性税收征管可以规范企业纳税行为,对企业产生"约束效应",而不同于以往的强制性税收征管,纳税信用评级制度具有一定的激励性。由此,文章以2014年颁布实施的纳税信用评级制度刻画了激励性税收征管,基于这一新的视角,分析了激励性税收征管对企业创新投资的影响。利用2010-2017年沪深A股上市企业研发支出数据,文章采用PSM-DID模型估计了激励性税收征管对企业创新投资影响的"净效应"。结果表明,纳税信用评级制度实施后,纳税信用等级为A的企业,其创新投资显著增加,且这一效应在媒体关注程度低的企业、非国有企业及高新技术企业中更加明显。进一步的作用机制检验发现,激励性税收征管一方面通过增加信贷融资规模进而对企业的创新投资产生积极作用,另一方面通过增加市场关注压力进而对企业的创新投资带来负面影响,但由于积极作用要远大于负面影响,从而激励性税收征管表现出对企业创新投资的"激励效应"。     

Corporate governance and the cost of public debt financing: Evidence from Japan

This paper explores the relationship between corporate governance mechanisms and the cost of public debt financing in Japan. Using a sample of corporate bonds newly issued in Japan during the period 2005–2008, I find that CEO ownership is associated with higher yield spreads after controlling for other governance, bond, and firm characteristics. Founding family ownership is also positively related to yield spreads. In contrast, firms with large corporate shareholders enjoy lower yield spreads. These results are robust to various alternative specifications. Overall, my results indicate the importance of corporate governance mechanisms in Japanese corporate bond markets.     

基于二元Logistic模型的国内上市企业信用评级展望的影响因素研究

企业信用评级的迅速发展引起人们越来越关注企业信用评级展望的影响因素。本文通过选取84家样本企业和12个指标,使用二元Logistic模型对国内上市企业信用评级展望的影响因素进行实证研究。结果发现股价的β值和应收账款周转率是国内上市企业信用评级展望的影响因素,其中β值是主要因素。上述结果启示我们,国内上市企业可以通过降低营运风险和应收账款周转率来提高企业信用评级。     

基于高级法的两维评级贷款审批标准

新资本协议框架下,公司暴露的风险加权资产依赖于客户的违约概率和债项的违约损失率。随着内部评级高级法的实施,商业银行将逐步建立和完善客户评级与债项评级体系,用于估算违约概率和违约损失率。本文深入分析了新资本协议的资本要求计算公式,提出以资本要求低于8%为导向、以客户评级和债项评级为基础的贷款两维准入标准。目的是帮助商业银行有效管理资本充足率,以及解决中小企业融资难等问题。     

The Underlying Constraints on Corporate Bond Market Development in Southeast Asia

There has been little analysis on the underlying institutional constraints to corporate bond market development in Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia. Research so far has concentrated on weaknesses in market infrastructure. This paper illustrates the interlocking relationships between corporations, banks and governments that have dissuaded bond issuance by companies and also contributed to the underdevelopment of the demand side of the market. The implication of this research is that, in addition to the often recommended measures to strengthen the market infrastructure, corporate bond market development in these countries is also contingent upon deep-set institutional change.     

石油化工企业债券融资探讨

作为资本密集型的国民经济基础行业,石化行业的资金约束是制约其经营发展和战略升级的主要因素之一。随着我国市场经济的发展和资本市场的不断完善,企业债券融资作为一种重要的直接融资方式,正以其广泛的资金来源、较低的融资成本等优势愈来愈受到各方重视。本文以1996～2011年间发债石化企业数据为基础,对石化企业融资结构和债券发行情况进行分析,对石化企业通过债券融资的优势进行阐述,同时结合现有法律法规及市场条件对石化企业债券发行及定价问题进行探讨。     

Determinants of bond market development in Asia

One of the major reasons behind the Asian financial crisis in 1997 was the excessive dependence of the Asian economies on commercial banks for domestic financing. The region failed to diversify its sources of corporate financing as it relied mainly on banks since its other types of financing, namely bond markets, were still underdeveloped and their sizes were quite small. On the other hand, the 2008 global financial crisis and the ongoing European debt crisis have led to constraints in acquiring local currency and foreign currency liquidity in the corporate sector in Asia as foreign banks withdrew investments from Asia. Furthermore, Asia needs large long term capital (US$ 750 billion per year for 2010–2020) for developing infrastructure connectivity within and across its economies. Local and regional capital can be channeled for long-term infrastructure projects and other productive investment through bond markets. Having a well-developed local currency bond markets can enhance the resilience of domestic financial sector to external shocks and it can facilitate better intermediation of savings into productive investments in Asia. To enhance corporate bond financing, it is important to examine factors that affect the effective development of bond markets in Asia. The study attempts to identify the determinants of bond market development in Asian economies through examining the relationship of bond issuance with selected key financial and economic factors. It also intends to provide policy recommendations for the further development of the Asian bond market. Major determinants for bond market development in Asia include the size of an economy, the stage of economic development, the openness of an economy, the exchange rate variability, the size of the banking system, and interest rate variability.     

信息不对称与债券担保——基于中国债券市场的检验

担保是解决债券市场上信息不对称的有效机制。逆向选择理论强调担保能够缓解事前信息不对称;道德风险理论则强调担保有助于解决事后信息不对称。两种理论对于债务人风险程度与采取担保的可能性、担保与债务利率之间的关系给出不同的预测。文章以2008-2015年间中国债券市场的实际数据为样本对以上两类理论进行实证检验。在解决可能存在的内生性问题后,研究发现,债券发行人风险越高,越有可能采取担保;在控制其它因素的情况下,相较于同一债券信用评级的无担保债券,担保债券具有较高的发行利差。研究结果表明道德风险理论能够很好地解释我国债券发行人的担保行为。     

我国债券市场流动性分析及对策探讨

流动性是债券市场其生命力所在,本文首先从债券市场流动性内涵入手,然后对我国债券市场流动性的现状,尤其是对2000～2009年整体债券市场、国债以及企业债券流动性进行了具体的分析,最后在对影响我国债券市场流动性的投资结构、券种结构以及做市商制度进行了分析,并从这三个方面提供了相对于的提高债券市场流动性的措施。     

好的品牌能带来更多的回报吗?——基于中国公司的经验研究

品牌是公司最为重要的无形资产,好的品牌能够为公司创造更多的价值。然而,在市场体系尚未健全、商业信用有待重整的中国,品牌能否为公司带来更多的回报是一个有待回答的实证话题。文章根据世界品牌实验室公布的中国500最具价值品牌排行榜,实证分析了品牌与公司业绩之间的关系。实证研究表明,在中国这样的新兴市场国家,高品牌能够为公司带来超额的财务回报和市场回报。     

加强国有企业文化建设的思考

企业文化建设是现代企业管理的核心环节。良好的企业文化是企业发展的助推剂。分析加强国有企业文化建设的现实必要性,结合国有企业文化建设现状,探究国有企业文化建设的对策建议尤为必要。     

Credit Rating and Monetary Policy Transmission to Equity Markets: Evidence from the Emerging Market

This study empirically estimates credit channel of the monetary policy and corporate stock return using daily stock return data including the sample with non-financial firms listed in Korea stock exchange (KOSPI). Empirical results support that changes in the basis rate turn out to increase equity returns in case of the firms with higher credit rating compared to the previous year. The estimation results confirm the conjecture that monetary policy has a significant impact on stock market through the channel of changes in credit rating.     

公司债定价：首中时模型的蒙特卡罗实现

论文借鉴信用风险度量的首中时结构模型,通过该模型的蒙特卡罗模拟对我国公司债进行定价,同时探讨了拟合公司债价值最佳的违约回复率设定和动态波动率的模型选择问题。研究表明首中时模型用于公司债定价是可行的,且不同的债券确实存在不同的回复率,并且对同一公司的不同债券使用同样的回复率也是不准确的,另外论文也进一步肯定了GARCH（1,1）模型在估计波动率方面的适用性。     

中国上市公司债权融资与公司治理相关性分析

本文以我国上市公司为研究对象,对我国上市公司的债权融资与公司治理的相关性进行了详细的实证分析,得出我国上市公司总负债率和其绩效之间呈现显著负相关关系的结论。剖析了我国上市公司债权融资治理失效的原因,并在此基础上提出了以下改进建议:强化债权融资的“硬约束”;大力发展债券市场;适当加大高级管理者的股权比率;加强市场中介机构的培育,建立完善的企业信用评价体系。     

Credit spreads on corporate bonds and the macroeconomy in Japan

Using secondary market data on corporate bonds issued in Japan between 1997 and 2005, this paper explores the determinants of the credit spread of corporate bond rates over interest swap rates. We find that the credit spreads properly reflect financial factors at the firm level, including debt-to-equity ratios, volatility, and maturity, particularly for longer-term bonds. In addition, an economy-wide factor common among bond issues unable to be captured by firm-level factors, plays an important role in determining credit spreads, and these economy-wide effects to a great extent cancel out firm-level factors for some subsample periods. We also identify possible factors responsible for the significant economy-wide effects.