基于SaaS的在线软件服务定价模式研究

SaaS是一种通过互联网提供软件的应用模式,对于许多中小企业来说,SaaS是一种可以降低信息化成本的较好途径,它避免了企业硬件购买、平台搭建、基础设施和应用软件维护的投入。而SaaS的成功运作,关键在于正确定价模式的选择。基于SaaS服务的价格形成机制分别探讨了四种不同的定价模式:按需定价模式、基于成本的定价模式、基于价值的定价模式和面向竞争的定价模式,并讨论了不同定价策略在SaaS服务模式中的适用性。     

Peak-load pricing with continuous and interdependent demand

Issues concerning time-of-use (TOU) pricing with continuous and interdependent demand are examined in a context where increasing marginal costs of production, as opposed to capacity constraints, provide the major incentive for flattening the load curve. The analysis develops the underlying consumer preferences sufficient to insure a continuously varying load curve and generalizes previous considerations of the peak load pricing problem by simultaneously considering continuous and interdependent demand in determining optimal prices and pricing period lengths. A profit incentive for TOU pricing as a form of price discrimination is revealed, which is tempered as substitution across pricing periods allows limited intertemporal arbitrage. The profit incentive leads a price-regulated firm, ceteris paribus, to choose a peak pricing period longer than the social optimum.     

Frederic Lee and Post-Keynesian Pricing Theory

Frederic Lee has been a major contributor to post-Keynesian economics, mainly to its theory of pricing. This article summarizes his objections to the neoclassical view of the firm and pricing, as well as his view that changes in quantities, rather than in prices, provide the important information to firms. It also outlines Lee's views on competition, and examines the three pricing doctrines Lee carefully analyzed—markup pricing (associated with Kalecki), normal-cost pricing or full-cost pricing (associated with Andrews), and target-return or administered pricing (associated with Means). The article then discusses the relationship between Lee and three strands of post-Keynesianism: Kaleckian, Sraffian and Eichnerian pricing theories. It explains why Lee objected to some features of each of these. The article concludes by discussing why, towards the end of his life, Lee felt (mistakenly) that his ideas had been dismissed by heterodox economists.     

中国出口厂商依市定价行为研究*

本文从总体、行业以及地域三个层面对我国出口厂商的依市定价行为进行实证研究。结果表明,就总体层面而言,我国出口厂商确实存在依市定价行为。而从行业层面的实证结果看,不同行业出口厂商依市定价行为之间差异较大。其中资源密集型行业,如矿产品业、木制品行业的出口厂商依市定价程度最弱,定价能力较强;技术及资本密集型且加工程度较高的行业,如机电制造业、运输设备制造业的依市定价程度次之;劳动密集型且加工程度较低的行业,如橡胶、塑料制造业的出口厂商依市定价程度最高,定价能力最弱。地域层面的实证结果表明,我国出口厂商在对不同贸易伙伴出口时的依市定价行为同样存在差异,且对主要贸易伙伴的依市定价程度相对其他非主要贸易伙伴较弱。     

On the optimality of the full-cost pricing

This article is aimed at defining the full-cost pricing as a leader-follower game in two-tier organizations: (i) the upstream unit fixes the production capacity and uses it as a cost driver to compute the average cost; (ii) the downstream unit operates on the market and chooses the output level on the basis of the average cost. In the Cournot oligopoly case, the full-cost pricing is compared with other pricing rules. There exists a wide range of values of the fixed cost, for which the full-cost pricing dominates any other pricing rules, in terms of gross profit.     

行为公设与资产定价理论

资产定价理论的核心是行为公设,行为公设是对人的行为的公理化概括,资产定价理论是行为公设在资产选择问题上的具体应用。资产定价理论的正确性在现实中经受检验,当资产定价理论被现实证明存在缺陷时,最终必然追溯到行为公设上。资产定价理论与行为公设之间存在着因果和反馈关系,行为公设为因,资产定价理论为果,同时资产定价理论对行为公设作出反馈。要消除资产定价理论对实际结果的偏离,最终必然落实到行为公设上,因此必须加强对行为公设的研究。     

基于同业竞争的中小企业贷款定价模式设计

利率市场化改革备件下,本文站在银行的角度建立一个适合中小企业的贷款定价模型,以此帮助银行更好地为中小企业融资服务。本文首先基三种贷款定价模式的比较研究,归纳提出了适合区域性商业银行特征的中小企业贷款定价理念——“基于同业竞争的贷款定价法”;其次,探讨了影响商业银行贷款定价机制的微观因素,如资金成本、违约风险、预期收益等;第三,综合市场结构和风险度量两个主要因素,利用审断回归分析建立同业竞争贷款定价模型;最后,采用某区域性商业银行的数据来进行实证检验,从而说明使用这种基于同业竞争的贷款定价模型是解决目前中小企业融资难问题的一条可行的道路。     

转移定价参与、公平性感知与交易满意度——基于一项结构方程模型的实证研究

文章基于转移定价的行为学研究成果,将管理学中盛行的参与管理研究模型应用于转移定价领域.在国内集团企业问卷调查的基础上,文章根据国外对定价参与行为的研究成果,以及参与行为的情感模型,建立了包括定价参与、公平性感知和交易满意度在内的结构方程模型(Structural Equation M0deling,SEM).研究发现,结果的公平性在定价参与提升交易满意度的过程中起到了完全中介变量的作用,而过程的公平性则没有起到中介变量的作用.我们的研究有助于集团企业理顺内部交易关系、促进内部交易的顺利进行和集团整体战略的实施.     

旅游景点定价问题探析——以甘肃张掖大佛寺与马蹄寺为例

从旅游景点定价问题着手,本文分析了常见的各种定价策略、特点与适用范围,通过建模提出了一种新的定价策略:两部门搭售式定价。以甘肃张掖大佛寺和马蹄寺为个案进一步阐述了我国旅游景区改善定价策略的必要性与应用两部门搭售式定价的实际效果。     

商业银行产品定价理论综述

本文对国外商业银行产品定价理论与模型进行系统梳理与比较,介绍西方商业银行产品定价的一般方法与模型;对我国商业银行产品定价实践及其理论探索路径进行归纳,针对中小企业贷款及其定价方法进行分析。本文旨在为我国商业银行建立科学合理的产品定价模型、实现创新发展提供理论启示。     

ASSESSING INCENTIVE-BASED ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES FOR REDUCING HOUSEHOLD WASTE DISPOSAL

In residential solid waste management, the United States has a great deal of experience in applying incentive-based environmental policy in the form of unit pricing. This study examines the two most common forms of unit pricing practiced in the United States. It offers intuition and empirical evidence suggesting divergence of theoretical expectations and actual outcomes regarding the effects of switching to unit pricing. Data collected from households in Marietta, Ga. during a solid waste pricing experiment serve as the basis for the analysis.     

Pricing Behaviour and the Cost-Push Channel of Monetary Policy

This paper examines the empirical and theoretical status of the cost-push channel of monetary policy, according to which interest rates affect the costs of production and hence pricing behaviour. Particular attention is paid to modelling the cost-push channel in a manner consistent with cost-plus pricing theory, which is identified as the canonical model of pricing behaviour in heterodox economics. It is shown that different variants of cost-plus pricing behaviour give rise to qualitatively different specifications of the cost-push channel, with important consequences for macrodynamics and the conduct of monetary policy.     

主房抵押贷款支持证券定价理论的发展

本文介绍了传统的住房抵押贷款支持证券（MBS）的定价理论，着重探讨了MBS定价的计量经济方法，对其在理论上、实践中以及模型方面的发展都做了详细的介绍和阐述，目的在于对我国近期内将出现的住房抵押贷款的衍生金融产品的定价问题起到指导和借鉴作用。     

注册会计师真的关注审计风险了吗——基于审计定价视角的经验证据

利用沪深两市上市公司2007年的数据,检验了盈余管理、特定风险、公司治理以及上年度审计意见类型等反映或影响审计风险的因素与审计收费之间的关系,结果发现,风险因素对我国上市公司审计定价的解释力有限。这表明,由于法律和监管环境以及审计市场发育程度与国外有着较大差异,我国注册会计师在决定审计收费时,对于风险因素并不十分关注。它反映出,我国会计师事务所离现代风险导向审计的要求尚有不小的距离。     

Responsive pricing

We study the efficiency property of responsive pricing, a scheme that proposes to increase prices as a function of the level of capacity utilization in environments where traditional allocation schemes (e.g. competitive markets, non-linear pricing) cannot be implemented in practice. We show that although responsive pricing implements allocations that are arbitrarily close to full capacity utilization (no wasted capacity and no excess demand), these allocations are not always efficient. We identify conditions under which efficiency occurs and discuss implications for the use of responsive pricing. We would like to thank seminar participants at the LSE, Venezia, Toulouse, and Copenhagen as well as Piero Gottardi, Karel Mertens, Marco Ottaviani, Markus Poschke, Karl Schlag, and Sanne Zwart for useful comments.     

基于审计风险的区域化审计定价的研究

审计定价的区域化在我国是以行政手段实施的,这种定价忽略了一个十分重要的因素--审计风险补偿,进而使审计定价的模型存在着技术缺陷.基于审计风险的区域化审计定价,要求在审计定价中考虑地域差异对审计风险的影响以及审计定价中的风险补偿问题.实证研究表明,异地客户并未选择比本地客户更高的审计价格,而是选择了一种"逆理性"的更低的忽略审计风险的竞争价格.这种非常现象应引起政府监管部门与学术界的关注.     

数字产品定价中传统经济学方法失灵原因及定价策略

数字产品的高固定成本、低边际成本的成本结构导致了传统的供求曲线和均衡分析的失灵,使得传统的边际成本定价不适用于数字产品。数字产品定价中传统定价方法失灵的原因主要有：数字产品的网络外部性、成本结构的特殊性、需求曲线及供给曲线的变化、市场供求均衡的打破,研究表明采用产品差异化和差别定价、免费,捆绑销售、两段收费的定价策略有一定的积极意义。     

Free entry into telecommunications?

The two leading principles of pricing for public enterprises are outlined: Value based and cost based pricing. It is shown that optimal pricing à la Ramsey-Boiteux is closely related to value based pricing which itself is connected with Lindahl pricing of public goods. Cost based pricing is related to the pricing in competitive markets. Opening up of telecommunication to competition implies a change from value based (public good) pricing to cost based (pritate good) pricing. It is shown why specific developments in telecommunication technology make a switch to cost based pricing and a competitive environment appropriate. At the end a proposal is developed for a gradual change towards competition which would meet less political resistance.     

Optimal pricing when rational consumers anticipate monitoring cost

This article considers a monopolistic firm’s optimal pricing decision over two periods among dynamic pricing, preannounced pricing and single pricing. In the models, consumers rationally determine whether to exhibit strategic waiting by weighing their costs against prospectively lower price. Our analysis yields three main results. First, single pricing that completely eliminates strategic waiting surely would be dominated by intertemporal pricing when facing rational consumers. Second, preannounced pricing may actually yield lower revenue than dynamic pricing when considering its effect on the reduction of consumer monitoring cost. Only when monitoring costs under dynamic pricing and under preannounced pricing are equal, is firm revenue weakly greater under preannounced pricing than under dynamic pricing. Third, in dynamic pricing equilibrium, increasing monitoring cost may increase firm revenue, consumer surplus and social welfare simultaneously.     

政府管制下企业的IPO时机和资本结构

以1993—2012年中国A股市场发行的股票为研究对象,分析了企业自主择时、政府发行价格管制和政府上市节奏管制对企业资本结构的影响。结果表明:政府处于信息劣势地位,政府发行价格管制会使企业IPO定价不合理、市场无效率;企业自主择时、政府的发行价格管制和上市节奏管制对企业的资本结构均具有显著影响,并且这三者的影响都具有持续性;政府管制在一定程度上扭曲了企业的资本结构。