中国农业市场化程度

对我国农业市场化程度,国内学术界作了初步探索,但因指标选择不同,结果差异很大。南开大学陈宗胜教授测度1994年我国农业市场化程度达64.66％,国务院发展研究中心程国强博士测度1996年约为70％,由此推算,目前我国农业市场化程度应达到80％以上,似乎接近了终极目标值。 但市场化测度结果能否真正反映现实情况,取决于测度指标选择是否全面、是否科学合理。从陈宗胜和程国强测算公式所确定的选项看,所反     

未来十年中国经济市场化程度展望

对未来十年进行展望实际上属于长期预测。为了提高长期预测的科学性，首先需要科学地判断现状，其次需要对历史资料作更细的处理，需要更多地研究不同国家特别是发达国家的历史经验，需要更多地关注一些制度因素、文化因素及其他一些慢变量，需要更多地听取各方面的意见。下面我们着重从纵向与横向两个方面对未来十年中国经济市场化程度作一展望分析。 一、纵向分析 哲学基本原理告诉我们，事物发展的将来决定于过去、现在。因此，未来十年中国经济市场化程度如何就取决于近２０年改革的历史演变规律。如果我们对近２０年中国经济市场化程度…     

对当前中国经济市场化程度的判断

对目前（指９０年代末期）中国经济市场化程度的判断,国内学者由于对市场化内容理解的不同,往往给出不同的结论。不过尽管看法有异,但有三点是统一的：第一,中国目前还没有完成转轨任务,中国还没有进入市场经济国家的行列,最低的估计是中国市场化程度为５０％,最高的估计是中国市场化程度已达６５％,已接近准市场经济国家。第二,世界上没有绝对彻底的１００％市场化国家,发达市场经济国家的市场化程度大致在８５％～９５％。 第三, １９７８年改革开放之前中国经济市场化程度不会高于１０％,大致在５％左右。本着存异求真、百家…     

我国市场化进程中金融政策研究

我国市场化进程中金融政策研究夏德仁一、我国经济改革与金融政策作用的加强１９７８年以来我国实行的经济体制改革实际上是不断削弱传统的计划经济，逐步向社会主义市场经济体制过渡，这一过程同时也是经济的市场化过程。经济改革越深入，市场化程度越高。随着经济市场化...     

信贷资金配置的市场化程度分析

尽管政府取消了对银行贷款规模的直接控制,改成了对银行的贷款进行窗口指导管理,但在实际操作中,政府对信贷资金的分配仍然有十分强大的控制权.为了考察当前我国信贷市场资金分配的市场化程度,本文以最近五年的宏观金融统计数据,采用了协整检验、向量误差修正模型、Granger因果检验等计量方法验证了我国贷款资金分配的市场化程度.结论表明,当前我国信贷资金分配的市场化程度较低,非市场因素在影响信贷资金的分配中仍占主导作用.     

培育东部地区金融中介和提升金融市场化程度的构想

东部地区经济持续增长，且金融深化趋势明显。通过实证分析发现，东部地区金融发展与经济增长存在显著的正相关关系，以金融市场化程度的提高为协助，东部地区金融发展促进了东部地区经济增长。而培育金融中介和提升金融市场化程度，则对于促进金融发展和东部地区经济增长具有重要作用。     

西部大开发的关键是市场化程度的演进

西部大开发的目的之一是加快西部经济的增长，缩小地区之间的差距。80年代以来，我国经济走上了改革开放为特色的市场化进程。经济快速、持续、健康的增长，始终保持在8%～20%以上的高位运行。各地经济都有了长足的发展。但是，地区经济发展的速度是很不均衡的。东部沿海地区的经济增长明显快于西部，尤其是东南沿海省份的经济增长速度，不仅大大快于西部省份，而且也高于沿海老工业基地，地区间的差距（主要指经济差距），呈现扩大趋势。造成东西部经济增长差异的原因是什么？笔者认为，制度与观念的转变，创新能力的培养，市场化程度是造成东西部地区经济增长差异的最重要的根源。     

数字普惠金融对市场化程度的影响效应分析——基于省级市场化指数的研究

为探究数字普惠金融对市场化程度的作用关系及传导机制,本文基于2011-2020年我国省级面板数据,采用市场化指数对市场化程度进行测算,并使用固定效应模型方法,对数字普惠金融指数和市场化指数进行实证检验。结果表明:一是数字普惠金融显著促进了市场化指数的提高,且经过稳健性检验后结果依旧成立;二是收入差距、创业活跃度与区域创新能力对数字普惠金融与市场化程度的正向关系具有中介传导作用;三是政府干预对数字普惠金融与市场化程度之间的正向关系存在非线性调节作用。因此,本文提出了完善数字普惠金融服务体系,精准把控政府干预力度及方向,形成“科技-产业-金融”良性循环,从而进一步提升社会主义经济市场化指数的具体措施方案。     

云南民族自治地区经济市场化程度评析

云南是个多民族地区,经过30年的改革开放,民族自治地区的经济转型与市场化程度有了较大提高,但与全国和云南非民族地区相比还有较大差距。因此,必须继续提高企业的市场化和经济的对外开放程度,加强政府职能转换和产业结构的调整与转变,使民族自治地区经济提高制度的变迁再上一个新台阶。     

市场化程度、经济增长与行业间收入差距

文章采用2000—2011年省际面板数据,对市场化程度、经济增长与行业间收入差距间关系进行了平稳性和协整检验,发现这三者之间存在长期稳定关系。为了探究短期经济波动对长期均衡的影响,文内对面板模型进行了误差修正。实证结果显示,市场化程度对行业间收入差距有显著扩大作用,经济增长对行业间收入差距在不同地区有不同影响。市场化与经济增长交互项系数显著,说明在不同市场化程度下,经济增长对行业间收入差距影响不同。     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

John Stuart Mill's Theory Of Justice

John Stuart Mill has traditionally been portrayed as self-contradictory and failing to construct a unified social theory. Recent scholarship, however, has challenged this view, finding Mill's work to be creatively synthetic in bridging the antinomies inherent in liberal democratic thought. This revisionist interpretation of Mill is advanced by an understanding of his theory of justice and its role in shaping his policy positions on issues such as welfare, education, voting rights, property rights, taxation, government intervention, and the future of capitalism.     

A Rich Vein for “Reality Mining”北大核心CSSCISSCI

Arik Hesseldahl In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, U.S. officials quickly turned their attention to other potential targets, including California's Golden Gate Bridge. What would happen if terrorists took down the bridge between San Francisco and Marin County? How much of the region would be affected and for how long?     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

Perspective on the Economic Evolution of the European Union States Under the Impact of the Pandemic and Financial-Economic Crisis

The European Union,which is at the beginning of its term of office for all Member States in the European Parliament,the European Commission,its governing body a...     

中国养活自己能力的长期预测:技术和政策分析

中国拥有世界五分之一强的人口 ,收入又在迅速增长。因此 ,国际上很自然地会考虑或推测她在今后的几十年是否有能力养活自己。中国的人口预计将从 2 0 0 0年的 1 2 8亿增长到 2 0 2 0年的 1 4 6亿 ,和 2 0 3 0年的 1 4 9亿。与此同时 ,人均收入的增长将导致对家畜和鱼类产品更大的需求 ,因而对饲料的需求也将有很大的增长     

John Stuart Mill's Theories of Wealth and Income Distribution

Although he was much influenced by David Ricardo when he wrote the classical part of his Principles , John Stuart Mill was not a Ricardian when he penned his theories of wealth and distribution. They are based on a triple foundation. First, a belief that economics is a moral discipline. Second a theory of custom-driven human behavior. Third, an empirically formed conviction that the institutions of state, education and business cooperate to structure the distribution of income. On the basis of these presuppositions, Mill formulated 1) an institutional theory of the formation of human and non-human wealth and 2) an even more institutional theory of distribution demonstrating how the aforementioned institutions malignantly skew the distribution of income to the advantage of the propertied classes and to the extreme disadvantage of the working class. As a social economist, Mill recommended institutional reforms designed to eradicate the poverty of the working class.     

Forecasting the price of gold

This article seeks to evaluate the appropriateness of a variety of existing forecasting techniques (17 methods) at providing accurate and statistically significant forecasts for gold price. We report the results from the nine most competitive techniques. Special consideration is given to the ability of these techniques to provide forecasts which outperforms the random walk (RW) as we noticed that certain multivariate models (which included prices of silver, platinum, palladium and rhodium, besides gold) were also unable to outperform the RW in this case. Interestingly, the results show that none of the forecasting techniques are able to outperform the RW at horizons of 1 and 9 steps ahead, and on average, the exponential smoothing model is seen providing the best forecasts in terms of the lowest root mean squared error over the 24-month forecasting horizons. Moreover, we find that the univariate models used in this article are able to outperform the Bayesian autoregression and Bayesian vector autoregressive models, with exponential smoothing reporting statistically significant results in comparison with the former models, and classical autoregressive and the vector autoregressive models in most cases.     

Toward a Phylogenetic Reconstruction of Organizational Life

Synopsis Classification is an important activity that facilitates theory development in many academic disciplines. Scholars in fields such as organizational science, management science and economics and have long recognized that classification offers an approach for ordering and understanding the diversity of organizational taxa (groups of one or more similar organizational entities). However, even the most prominent organizational classifications have limited utility, as they tend to be shaped by a specific research bias, inadequate units of analysis and a standard neoclassical economic view that does not naturally accommodate the disequilibrium dynamics of modern competition. The result is a relatively large number of individual and unconnected organizational classifications, which tend to ignore the processes of change responsible for organizational diversity. Collectively they fail to provide any sort of universal system for ordering, compiling and presenting knowledge on organizational diversity. This paper has two purposes. First, it reviews the general status of the major theoretical approaches to biological and organizational classification and compares the methods and resulting classifications derived from each approach. Definitions of key terms and a discussion on the three principal schools of biological classification (evolutionary systematics, phenetics and cladistics) are included in this review. Second, this paper aims to encourage critical thinking and debate about the use of the cladistic classification approach for inferring and representing the historical relationships underpinning organizational diversity. This involves examining the feasibility of applying the logic of common ancestry to populations of organizations. Consequently, this paper is exploratory and preparatory in style, with illustrations and assertions concerning the study and classification of organizational diversity.