考虑吸收能力的区域创新多维溢出效应

合理利用区域创新的空间溢出效应和价值链溢出效应，有助于区域创新发展与创新效率提升，而对区域创新溢出效应的利用程度则受其吸收能力影响。将创新过程分为知识创新阶段和产品创新阶段，利用Network Slacks-based Measure模型计算全国内地30个省域两阶段创新效率，将吸收能力引入空间溢出效应和价值链溢出效应对创新效率影响的研究中，并构建空间计量模型，检验吸收能力对知识创新效率和产品创新效率的影响。结果发现，空间溢出效应在部分年份显著，省域间没有形成稳定的空间关联关系；空间溢出效应显著时，提升吸收能力对知识创新效率和产品创新效率均有促进作用；价值链溢出效应不显著或者存在负向影响，创新过程两阶段相对独立，此时提高吸收能力对知识创新效率和产品创新效率提高没有显著作用，甚至具有负向影响。     

Investment-Specific R and D and the Decline in the Relative Price of Capital

The relative price of capital has declined at a rapid rate in the postwar period.This article provides a candidate explanation for this relative price decline—research and development that are embodied in new, more efficient investment goods. The model mimics the secular aspects of the data, and it has the property that the long-run growth rate of consumption is nontrivially determined as a function of the R and D efforts. Because growth is driven by investment in durable goods in the present model, it seems natural to assume that R and D is product-specific and that the firms producing these goods are long-lived profit centers that internalize the dynamic gains from R and D. A result of this assumption is that the growth rate in the decentralized economy is too low: the so-called business stealing effects that may cause the equilibrium growth rate to be too high in other models is internalized here in the form of planned obsolescence.     

US PATENT CITATIONS DATA AND INDUSTRIAL KNOWLEDGE SPILLOVERS

The aim of this paper is to empirically evaluate the US interindustry knowledge spillover using the NBER patents data file (1963–1999). Reputing the patent backward citations as a good proxy of the patent's knowledge spillover, we proceed by building a time series to each US manufacturing industry patent citations and their lags. Then, we generate the time series of the external and the internal knowledge flow indices, showing that traditional sectors are more technology-dependent from the others than the new one. Here, in the spirit of Pavitt [Pavitt, Research Policy 13, 343–73, 1984]. We derive a new taxonomy of innovation focusing on the ideas instead of the goods production in order to obtain the innovation linkage and trajectories. Once we determined that each sector's most cited patents are typically belong to the ‘new’ sectors, we evaluate the high- and low-tech sectors innovation effect on the whole economy innovation process. Confirming that the high-tech sectors, and its R&D expenditures, are the most important, we conclude that it is the giant's shoulders, substance of the whole economy.     

有偏技术进步、要素替代与创新溢出效应——2000—2017年中国工业经验分析

在要素替代框架下，构建一个有偏技术进步的超越对数成本函数模型，利用2000—2017年中国工业面板数据估计有偏技术进步对创新溢出效应的影响。结果发现：资本和能源有偏技术进步对创新溢出存在显著负向效应，劳动有偏技术进步对创新溢出存在显著正向效应，而中间品有偏技术进步对创新溢出的正向效应不显著。进一步将要素替代弹性变量纳入模型后发现，当资本、劳动、能源和中间品替代弹性临界阈值分别高于2.864 0、5.234 1、6.453 2及4.163 9时，有偏技术进步对创新溢出具有显著正向效应。上述发现表明，技术进步遵循具有比较优势的创新资源，本质上有利于提升创新溢出效应。     

自主研发、技术引进与我国工业行业生产率提升

利用面板动态最小二乘法估算我国工业分行业国内研发和通过进口贸易从14个OECD国家获得的技术溢出对全要素生产率的贡献。结果表明,国内研发投入对全要素生产率的贡献不管是系数还是显著性都明显高于通过进口获得的研发溢出对全要素生产率的贡献。进一步区分资本品行业与非资本品行业并进行回归,发现非资本品行业的溢出效应显著为正,而资本品行业的溢出效应显著为负。利用非资本品行业的估计结果及进口渗透率计算各行业的全要素生产率对14个贸易伙伴国的研发投入弹性。计算表明,对我国的技术溢出处于前5位的是美国、日本、德国、澳大利亚和加拿大,这一方面是因为这些国家的研发投入相对较大,另一方面是因为我国从这些国家的进口额也较大。     

外商直接投资的知识溢出与中国区域经济增长

本文构建了包括国内知识资本、外商在华直接投资的知识溢出和地区技术进步的分析框架,通过中国29个省(直辖市、自治区)1992—2006年的面板数据检验了中国区域R&D投入、外商在华直接投资的知识溢出对地区技术进步的影响。研究表明:地区自身科技投入是推动地区技术进步的最主要因素;受中国目前引资结构和质量的影响,外商在华直接投资的知识溢出效应特别是通过FDI企业在当地从事生产活动带来的知识溢出效应并不明显;FDI渠道传递的外国R&D资本对技术进步的促进作用与当地的经济、科技发展水平有着密切关系。在上述结论的基础上,论文对中国FDI引资战略和区域经济发展提出了相应的政策建议。     

RJV FORMATION AND STRATEGIC ENTRY ACCOMMODATION*

This article examines the relationship between cost reduction and public goods effect of research joint ventures (RJVs) and strategic entry deterrence. R&D is process innovation à la Kamien, Muller and Zang (1992 ) and R&D cost sharing between the incumbent and the entrant in a RJV can be asymmetric per Long and Soubeyran (2002 ). It is found that conforming with the conventional wisdom, the incumbents prefer to form RJV to deter entry when the entrant is very inefficient. However, if the entrant is moderately inefficient, it is a better choice for the incumbent to accommodate entry by forming a RJV with it. In contrast, if the entrant is very efficient, then the equilibrium RJV structure depends on the magnitude of spillover effect: it is better to deter entry in the case of high spillover effect.     

我国各省人才聚集效应非均衡评价研究

以人才聚集八大效应为研究对象,构建了人才聚集非均衡评价模型和指标体系,并运用相对偏差模糊矩阵法进行了实证分析。研究发现：我国各省人才聚集效应已出现4大层（人才聚集效应发达层、次发达层、发展层与落后层）、9小层分化的非均衡发展阶段,呈现出信息共享效应、知识溢出效应、创新效应、集体学习效应、时间效应、规模效应与区域效应七大效应同步非均衡发展的表现形式。此结论对省际间人才聚集的协调发展具有指导意义。     

产业集聚、知识溢出与地区创新-基于中国工业行业的实证检验

本文利用我国1999—2007年间30个地区21个工业行业数据,实证检验区域内知识溢出和企业竞争对地区产业创新的影响。区域内知识溢出包括产业内知识溢出(MAR外部性)和产业间知识溢出(Jacobs外部性)两类,本文对后者从产业多样性与产业互补性两方面进行刻画,一定程度上弥补了现有文献对产业间关联程度差异的忽视。此外,我们基于动态面板数据的计量方法有利于克服模型的内生性问题。研究发现MAR外部性与Jacobs外部性对我国地区产业创新的影响均显著为正,但影响程度不同:Jacobs外部性中的产业互补对创新的推动作用最大,它大约为产业多样性或产业内MAR外部性作用的两倍;区域内企业竞争对创新的影响显著为负。     

Obsolescence and modernization in the growth process

In this paper, an endogenous growth model is built up incorporating Schumpeterian creative destruction and embodied technological progress. Under embodiment, long run growth is affected by two opposite effects: (i) obsolescence costs add to the user cost of capital, which have a negative effect on research efforts; and (ii) the modernization of capital increases the demand for investment goods, raising the incentives to undertake research activities. Applied to the understanding of the growth enhancing role of both capital and R&D subsidies, we conclude that the positive effect of modernization generally more than compensates the negative effect of obsolescence.     

Knowledge disclosure as intellectual property rights protection

We consider the problem of an inventor who discloses knowledge under the threat of a rival who may patent a competing idea. Disclosure diminishes the probability that the rival has of receiving a patent (legal externality) but it also decreases the rival’s marginal R&D cost (knowledge externality). Our results reveal that: (i) when the knowledge externality is ‘large’ (‘small’) relative to the legal one, an increase (decrease) in the patentability standard leads to higher disclosure and promotes R&D and (ii) if subsequent research creates positive external effects, the patentability standard should be set to promote further disclosure and R&D in equilibrium. The impact on the equilibrium configuration of changes in market profits is also examined.     

Too Much of a Good Thing? The Economics of Investment in R&D

Research and development is a key determinant of long-run productivity and welfare. A central issue is whether a decentralized economy undertakes too little or too much R&D. We develop an endogenous growth model that incorporates parametrically four important distortions to R&D: the surplus appropriability problem, knowledge spillovers, creative destruction, and duplication externalities. Calibrating the model, we find that the decentralized economy typically underinvests in R&D relative to what is socially optimal. The only exceptions to this conclusion occur when the duplication externality is strong and the equilibrium real interest rate is simultaneously high.     

Internalization of externalities and local government consolidation: empirical evidence from Japan

The fact that jurisdictional consolidation overcomes externality problems in the provision of local public goods is one of the best-known benefits of consolidation in the theoretical literature. Nevertheless, previous studies provide little evidence of how public service spillover effects influence consolidation decisions. This study empirically tests the hypothesis that spillovers induce consolidation, using voting data on the consolidation of Japanese municipalities. The extent of spillovers is measured by estimating the demand function for public goods with externalities. It is found that residents of the municipalities that can internalize a large amount of public goods spillovers through municipal consolidation tend to favor consolidation. This result supports the theoretical inference that spillovers in local public goods affect utility gains from jurisdiction integration, thus serving as one of the key impetuses for boundary reform. Moreover, after controlling for the spillover effects, economies of scale, population share, differences in median income, and unconditional grants can help explain consolidation preference.     

行业知识产权风险与企业自主创新投资研究

基于2005-2007年广东省高技术企业调查数据,结合我国的知识产权制度和市场背景,首次从行业层面界定并衡量企业自主创新中的知识产权风险——知识外溢风险与知识产权法律风险,并实证检验了两种风险对企业研究与开发投资的影响。研究发现,知识外溢程度的提高并未降低企业的研究与开发投资,知识外溢的正外部性效应大于风险效应,而知识产权法律风险则不利于企业的研究与开发投资。最后,为企业的自主创新管理和知识产权管理提供有益的建议。     

产业聚集对区域创新绩效影响的实证研究——以电子及通讯设备制造业为例

分析了产业聚集所产生的各类知识溢出对区域创新绩效的影响以及产业聚集的最佳聚集程度和规模,并以我国电子及通讯设备制造业为例进行实证研究。结果显示:多样化的产业环境有助于区域创新,竞争对区域创新存在负面影响,研发多样化对区域创新的影响并不显著;总就业密度提高一倍,则创新水平将提高24%;就业密度与区域创新绩效的关系曲线呈倒U型,且就业密度均为600人/平方公里时区域创新绩效达到最高;区域人口规模与区域创新绩效的关系曲线呈U型,对应拐点大致出现在区域人口总规模为6500万人处。     

FDI双重溢出效应对创新追赶绩效的影响机制——基于高技术产业的实证分析

将FDI的溢出效应分为市场竞争效应和技术溢出效应,利用1995—2012年中国5大高技术产业相关数据,建立回归模型实证检验了两者对创新追赶绩效中的产品创新绩效和知识创新绩效的影响机制,并考察知识创新绩效作为内生变量对产品创新绩效的影响机制。结果表明:FDI的市场竞争效应对本土企业的产品创新绩效的提高不存在促进作用;FDI的技术溢出效应对本土企业的知识创新绩效的提高具有促进作用,并且通过作用于吸收能力而间接促进本土企业知识创新绩效的提升;FDI技术溢出效应产生的知识创新绩效对产品创新绩效具有正向影响;FDI的双重溢出效应对创新追赶绩效的影响机制存在产业差异。     

Knowledge spillovers and R&D subsidies to new,emerging technologies

Is knowledge spillover a rationale for supporting R&D on new, emerging technologies more than R&D on other technologies? In this paper, I analyze whether innovation externalities caused only by knowledge spillovers differ between technologies of different maturity. I show that R&D should not be subsidized equally across industries when the knowledge stocks differ. This is because knowledge spillovers depend on the size of the knowledge stock and the elasticity of scale in R&D production. R&D in the emerging technology should be subsidized more when the elasticity is smaller than one. However, R&D in the mature technology should be subsidized more when the elasticity is larger than one.     

国际贸易、R&D溢出和生产率增长

本文采用6种计算外国R&D资本的方法和国际R&D溢出回归方法,首次就国际R&D溢出对中国工业行业的技术进步增长、技术效率增长和全要素生产率增长的影响作了实证分析。我们从这6种方法的比较中发现:当采用有缺陷的两种方法时,得到国际R&D溢出系数显著为负或者溢出系数为正,但不显著的结论;而采用其他的四种方法,能得到国际R&D溢出系数显著为正的结论。因此,从计算方法本身及其结论的比较来看,通过国际贸易渠道的R&D溢出促进了中国工业行业的技术进步、技术效率及全要素生产率增长的结论更可靠。同时发现在大部分情况下国内本行业R&D与其他行业R&D对行业技术进步、技术效率和全要素生产率的增长起阻碍作用。因此,加强与R&D投入比重较高的发达国家的国际贸易以及提高国内自身的R&D效率显得很有必要。     

Schumpeterian Entrepreneurs Meet Engel's Law: The Impact of Inequality on Innovation-Driven Growth

This article analyzes the impactof inequality on growth when consumers have hierarchic preferencesand technical progress is driven by innovations. With hierarchicpreferences, the poor consume predominantly basic goods, whereasthe rich consume also luxury goods. Inequality has an impacton growth because it affects the level and the dynamics of aninnovator's demand. It is shown that redistribution from veryrich to very poor consumers can be beneficial for growth. Ingeneral, the growth effect depends on the nature of redistribution.Due to a demand externality from R&D activities, multipleequilibria are possible.     

Spillover effects of innovation: Taiwanese evidence

This article evaluates spillover effects of innovation of Taiwan's industries by using the input–output (IO) analysis framework. On the basis of IO tables for the years 1981, 1986 1991 and 1996, the structure, magnitude and ranking list of the spillover effect of innovation are revealed. Additionally, several findings are also achieved from the empirical results. First, the spillover effect of process innovation is stronger and about more than twice the spillover effect of product innovation in Taiwan. Furthermore, Taiwan's industries manifest a dispersive technological distribution structure and the spillover effect of the process innovation is more dispersive than that of product innovation. Moreover, Taiwanese industries are rather dependent on foreign technologies, particularly in terms of product innovation.