完善我国公司治理结构的思路

完善我国公司治理结构的思路贺俊一、国有资产产权明晰化是建立公司治理结构的前提条件公司治理结构的要旨在于明确股东、董事会和经理人员各自的责、权、利,形成股东——董事会——经理人员三者之间的制衡关系。股东与董事会间的制衡关系是建立公司治理结构的首要环节。...     

改善煤炭股份公司治理结构的途径与对策分析

现代公司制的核心是公司治理结构,其运作效率主要取决于公司治理结构的安排。但在煤炭企业转制改造中,公司治理结构暴露出董事会产生不规范,董事会对经理人员的选聘和监督无法真正行使;监事会的监督效果不理想;对经理人员和职工的激励机制和约束机制不健全的缺陷,为经营者追求内部人控制偏好提供了极大可能和方便。因此文章通过对煤炭企业公司内部治理结构的研究,分析了煤炭企业公司在治理结构中的缺陷及对策,指出企业真正建立起高效运行的组织结构,完善公司董事会、监事会和经理之间的权责、利益的有效制衡机制,是实现和完善内部治理结构的基础。     

简析规范上市公司关联交易盈余管理的建议

公司治理结构是影响公司管理行为的各方面当事人之间基于合约关系而形成的一种制度安排。鉴于我国企业中盈余管理不当主要是公司治理结构不健全使然,因此,规范与治理的对策是十分必要的。本文主要对明确股东大会、董事会、监事会和经理的职责,使其各负其责、协调运转、相互制衡等问题提出自己的见解。     

经理人员在公司治理中的作用基于国企改革的思考

自从美同首先提出"公司治理"的观点后,现代公司治理问题和实践已经成为各国研究的热点.在我国,公司治理是被作为"公司治理结构"来研究的.我国经济学家吴敬琏说:"所渭公司治理结构,是指由所有者、董事会和高级执行人员及高级经理人员三者形成的一种组织关系."在这种结构中,上述三者之间形成一定的制衡关系,其中,经理人员的作用十分重大.     

三会的权力制衡在公司治理当中的作用及改进建议

从内部而言，公司治理的基本架构主要以股东大会、董事会、监事会、经理层等为主体，通过其相互制衡来达到管理的目的。股东大会是公司最高权力机构。董事会是公司法人治理结构的核心，监督公司的内部控制和财务管理系统，决定公司的主要战略和决策。监事会直接对股东大会负责，监督董事会和管理层履行职责的情况。协调他们之间的关系，是公司可持续经营与发展的重要保障。本文对董事会、股东大会、监亭会在公司治理当中的具体情况展开了分析，发现“三会”在公司治理当中的不足之处，并提出合理化的改进意见。基于董事会在公司法人治理结构当中的核心地位，本文对董事会在公司治理当中的问题进行了更具体的分析。     

上证农林牧渔业上市公司股权结构与经营绩效关系的实证分析

一、引言.现代企业理论研究表明，股权结构是公司治理组织结构的产权基础。良好的股权结构能优化公司董事会构成，影响股东的行为，有效地激励和约束经理人员，促进公司形成相互制衡的治理结构，从而提高公司经营绩效，实现公司价值的最大化。关于股权结构与公司绩效关系的研究始于1932年Bede和Means的著作《私有产权和现代企业》。在这篇开创性的著作中，作者探讨了股权分散和公司经理人制度所引发的委托一代理关系问题。继Berle＆Means之后，国外许多学者对股权结构与公司绩效关系进行了研究。     

浅谈现行公司法人治理结构的问题及对策

一、法人治理结构是适应企业产权社会化要求的权力制衡结构公司法人治理结构是指规范经理层、董事会、监事会和股东之间的权力与责任的制衡关系。从广义上讲 ,公司治理结构包括公司外各种相关利益者之间的正式或非正式关系的法律、公司文化和规章制度等。公司治理结构表明 ,在公司众多的利益关系者 (诸如股东、董事、监事、债权人、经营者、职工、供应商、用户 )当中 ,由谁来控制公司 ,由谁决策 ,由谁执行 ,风险和收益如何在不同成员之间进行分配 ;公司经营的目标 ,不能仅局限于股东利润的最大化 ,还应考虑同公司利益相关的职工、债权人、供…     

论实现公司治理目标的业绩评价

依据OECD对公司治理的定义 ,公司治理主要指公司董事会的结构与功能、董事长与经理的权利与义务以及相应的聘选、激励与监督方面的制度安排等内容 ,而公司治理结构的目的在于明确公司的不同参与者如董事会、经理、股东和其他利益相关者之间的委托代理关系。为了确保委托人的权益不被侵害和滥用 ,两者的契约关系需要制度上的相应安排 ,这就是公司治理结构所要解决的问题。文章探讨了如何在存在代理冲突的公司环境中 ,以何种形式来监督管理者实现公司治理目标的业绩问题。     

上证农林物渔业上市公司股权结构与经营绩效关系的实证分析

一、引言 现代企业理论研究表明,股权结构是公司治理组织结构的产权基础.良好的股权结构能优化公司董事会构成,影响股东的行为,有效地激励和约束经理人员,促进公司形成相互制衡的治理结构,从而提高公司经营绩效,实现公司价值的最大化.关于股权结构与公司绩效关系的研究始于1932年Berle和Means的著作<私有产权和现代企业>.在这篇开创性的著作中,作者探讨了股权分散和公司经理人制度所引发的委托-代理关系问题.继Berle&Means之后,国外许多学者对股权结构与公司绩效关系进行了研究.     

中国上市公司多重治理机制替代效应实证研究：以家电行业为例

本文以家电行业为例，对董事会监督动力与两职状态、外部大股东监督、经理人员持股激励及相互监督动力之间的替代关系进行实证分析。结果表明，在竞争激烈的家电行业，它们之间并无显著相关性。我们认为，公司治理的有效性在于治理系统的完善性与治理机制的互补性；公司内部治理机制的选择是在产品市场竞争结构变化、资本市场评价及控制权收购压力环境下，为实现持续经营而进行的一种市场化选择。     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

John Stuart Mill's Theory Of Justice

John Stuart Mill has traditionally been portrayed as self-contradictory and failing to construct a unified social theory. Recent scholarship, however, has challenged this view, finding Mill's work to be creatively synthetic in bridging the antinomies inherent in liberal democratic thought. This revisionist interpretation of Mill is advanced by an understanding of his theory of justice and its role in shaping his policy positions on issues such as welfare, education, voting rights, property rights, taxation, government intervention, and the future of capitalism.     

A Rich Vein for Reality Mining

Arik Hesseldahl In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, U.S. officials quickly turned their attention to other potential targets, including California's Golden Gate Bridge. What would happen if terrorists took down the bridge between San Francisco and Marin County? How much of the region would be affected and for how long?     

中国养活自己能力的长期预测:技术和政策分析

中国拥有世界五分之一强的人口 ,收入又在迅速增长。因此 ,国际上很自然地会考虑或推测她在今后的几十年是否有能力养活自己。中国的人口预计将从 2 0 0 0年的 1 2 8亿增长到 2 0 2 0年的 1 4 6亿 ,和 2 0 3 0年的 1 4 9亿。与此同时 ,人均收入的增长将导致对家畜和鱼类产品更大的需求 ,因而对饲料的需求也将有很大的增长     

Interest on reserves and inflation

The payment of interest on reserves has been a common practice in inflationary economies. This policy may seem paradoxical since it involves returning part of the seigniorage, generated by the inflation process, with the intention to finance the fiscal deficit. This paper argues that the motivation for this policy can be captured by the discretionary regime, where the policymaker pays interest on reserves because he is concerned with the erosion of real liquidity by inflation, which is in part beyond his control. However, this policy is an unlikely outcome in the commitment regime, where the policymaker is in full control of inflation.     

John Stuart Mill's Theories of Wealth and Income Distribution

Although he was much influenced by David Ricardo when he wrote the classical part of his Principles , John Stuart Mill was not a Ricardian when he penned his theories of wealth and distribution. They are based on a triple foundation. First, a belief that economics is a moral discipline. Second a theory of custom-driven human behavior. Third, an empirically formed conviction that the institutions of state, education and business cooperate to structure the distribution of income. On the basis of these presuppositions, Mill formulated 1) an institutional theory of the formation of human and non-human wealth and 2) an even more institutional theory of distribution demonstrating how the aforementioned institutions malignantly skew the distribution of income to the advantage of the propertied classes and to the extreme disadvantage of the working class. As a social economist, Mill recommended institutional reforms designed to eradicate the poverty of the working class.     

Neurally reconstructing expected utility

While the concept of “expected utility” informs many theories of decision making, little is known about whether and how the human brain might compute this quantity. This article reviews a series of functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) experiments designed to localize brain regions that respond in anticipation of increasing amounts of monetary incentives. These studies collectively suggest that anticipation of increasing monetary gains activates a subcortical region of the ventral striatum in a magnitude-proportional manner. This ventral striatal activation is not evident during anticipation of losses. Actual gain outcomes instead activate a region of the mesial prefrontal cortex. During anticipation of gain, ventral striatal activation is accompanied by feelings characterized by increasing arousal and positive valence. These findings affirm the role of emotion in the anticipation of incentives, and may provide an initial step towards a neural reconstruction of expected utility.     

Duplication, Growth and ‘Total Return Economics’

Maintenance consumption is an expense recovered in product prices, yet also a source of taste satisfaction which must be exhausted, rather than reinvested, from the capital affording it. This riddle is solved in the duplication rules: the cost of maintenance consumption is recovered in pay and prices, but an equal flow is exhausted from the human capital of the worker earning the pay. The rules impact tradition in several ways. If output is defined in principle as value added, then it cannot also be described as consumption plus net investment without double-counting the maintenance consumption recovered in prices. Also rate of return in the stationary state is not zero, but is the rate sufficient to offset the exhaustion of individual human capital. The rules lead to new insights into economic return, and support an argument that all growth at the scale of closure is due to productivity gain rather than to thrift.