An analysis of three chatbots: BlenderBot,ChatGPT and LaMDA

Google, Facebook, OpenAI, and others have released access to versions of language chatbots that they have developed. These chatbots have been trained on massive amounts of text using neural networks for language processing. Using an approach similar to security penetration testing, this paper investigates and compares three different chatbots, assessing potential strengths and limitations of these systems. The paper presents several findings, including a comparison of those systems across answers to common questions, an analysis of the use of names and activities to guide discussion in two systems, an analysis of the extent of differences in responses arising from “regeneration” of a question, the determination of a weakness in a system of knowing “who” invented something, development of a potential new subfield, sensitive topic classifiers, and an analysis of some of the implications of these findings. As part of this analysis, I find emerging topics in chatbots, such as “topic stalemate” and the use of sensitive topic classifiers.     

Universal Enterprise Adaptive Object Model: A Semantic Web-Based Implementation of Organizational Self-Awareness

In this paper we present a novel conceptual model that systematizes the integrated management and adaptation of: (1) enterprise models, (2) their representations, (3) their underlying meta-models (i.e. their abstract syntax) and (4) the representation rules (i.e. concrete syntax for the respective models). All this for different modelling languages and also different versions of these languages. Thanks to our original use of the adaptive object model and type square patterns—normally applied in the context of software engineering, but here applied for enterprise engineering—we manage to provide a strong conceptual foundation for the development of software tools that allow a precise and coherent specification of models and their evolution and also of meta-models and their evolution. We also present a prototype of such a tool currently being developed to enable collaborative enterprise ontology model management using the Semantic MediaWiki as a base framework. This solution is solidly grounded on the theoretical foundations of organizational self-awareness and Ψ-theory of enterprise ontology and is a valuable contribution to facilitate general and distributed enterprise model management and also concrete and abstract syntax specification (i.e. the specification of a language's meta-model). This allows flexibility and ease of use in creation and adaptation of organizational models and also the use of semantic queries to detect and inform users on any violation of meta-model rules. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

杠杆率、企业规模与企业创新

选取2010-2015年沪深A股上市公司的面板数据,借助门槛模型研究企业杠杆率与企业创新的关系。结果显示：杠杆率对企业创新有显著影响,存在既能促进创新同时降低风险的企业最优杠杆率区间,即当杠杆率处于9.3%~37.1%的范围时,杠杆率的提升能够最大地促进创新投入与创新产出,同时降低创新风险;但当前我国大部分企业并未达到增加创新产出与降低创新风险的最优均衡。同时,不同规模企业杠杆率与创新的关系具有差异性,大型企业促进创新且可规避风险的最优杠杆率的区间为杠杆率低于67.0%,中型企业为杠杆率低于22.5%,小型企业则是7.8%~17.0%的区间范围。应正确理解中央“去杠杆”政策,推进结构性去杠杆,力求在“降杠杆”和“促创新”之间达成最优平衡。     

The rhetoric and reality of an accounting change: A study of resource allocation

This paper presents a case study of health service resource allocation as a basis for exploring how organizational members come to understand the meanings and implications of accounting change within the enterprise. The analysis describes how the significance of a new calculative process emerges over time, during which accounting both shapes and is in turn shaped by organizational reality. The paper concludes with a discussion of the interplay between the rhetoric and reality of accounting, reviewing the ways in which, as an expressive order, accounting provides a language for discourse, rules for guiding action and a way of establishing legitimacy in an institutionalised organization.     

Challenges for civil society involvement in civic entrepreneurship: a case study of local enterprise partnerships

Civic entrepreneurship involves engagement between the state, business and civil society to produce economic growth for the public good. In the UK context a key initiative to encourage such engagement has been the creation of local enterprise partnerships (LEPs); these structures are intended to be a key delivery driver of regional economic growth. This paper draws on insights from semi-structured interviews with actors involved in the development of a LEP in the north of England. Findings draw attention to concerns from civil society over losing its distinctiveness through these partnerships, and in the process losing its ethos as a guardian of the public good.     

Youth-led social change: Topics,engagement types,organizational types,strategies, and impacts

This paper provides a framework for evaluating youth-led social change. The framework considers: seven topics (e.g., environment, human health and safety, and education); nine engagement types (e.g., volunteerism, research and innovation, and political engagement); six organizational types (e.g., advisory body, social enterprise, and individual); three strategies (socialization, influence, and power); and three scales of impacts (individual, community/inter-organizational, and national/international). Using this framework, empirical research provides evidence of how youth – defined as young people 15–24 years of age – have been agents of change in Canada over the 35 years from 1978 to 2012. A media content analysis of 264 articles, combined with frequency and chi-square tests, were completed to study the factors and the relationships among them. The results show a strong relationship between the impact and the strategy, topic, engagement type, and organizational type. The results also show a strong relationship between the strategy and the impact, engagement type and organizational type. The findings have implications for youth leaders and those who advocate for, work with, support, and educate them, and for those interested in evaluating social change efforts.     

Firm‐ and Individual‐Level Determinants of Balanced Scorecard Usage*/DÉTERMINANTS DE L'USAGE DU TABLEAU DE BORD ÉQUILIBRÉ AU DOUBLE ÉCHELON ORGANISATIONNEL ET INDIVIDUEL

The factors influencing the organizational as well as the individual decision to utilize the balanced scorecard (BSC) approach have not been widely researched. In the first part of this paper, we study BSC adoption at the organizational level while utilizing a multifaceted perspective of socio‐psychological, economic, and resource‐based influences; specifically, we investigate the perceptions of desirability, urgency, and feasibility of BSC adoption. Our findings show that customer norms, competitor norms, and organizational resources are significant predictors of BSC adoption. In the second part of the paper, we discuss individual‐level aspects of utilization decisions. Here, we explore the impact of perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, and awareness on the intentions to use the BSC approach. Our findings show that both awareness of BSC capabilities and perceived ease of use are significantly related to perceived usefulness. However, only perceived usefulness is significantly related to intentions to use the BSC. Implications for research and practice are discussed.     

金融资产投资、杠杆率与企业风险承担——基于非金融企业的视角

本文以2007~2018年我国A股非金融上市公司为研究样本,运用动态面板系统广义矩估计法,研究杠杆率在金融资产投资与企业风险承担之间的中介效应影响,分析金融资产投资、杠杆率、企业风险承担三者之间的传导链条。研究发现:杠杆率在金融资产投资与企业风险承担水平之间发挥了部分中介效应;金融资产投资增加会直接导致企业风险承担水平上升,同时也会通过提高杠杆率间接地提升企业风险承担水平。本研究丰富了实体企业金融投资后果的相关文献,为实体企业的投资决策以及风险管理提供了参考,也为监管部门去杠杆防风险提供了经验证据。     

Enhancing the competitiveness and sustainability of social enterprises in Hong Kong: A three-dimensional analysis

Running a social enterprise (SE) is more difficult than running a small or medium-sized enterprise because SEs have to achieve both economic sustainability as business enterprises and their social mission for the benefit of society. After a few years of operation, many SEs fail or struggle for survival. In this study, we examine some of the factors that affect an SE’s profitability, financial management, and business planning and management. Based on in-depth interviews with 22 social enterprises in Hong Kong, we find that SEs with the dual investment objectives of social mission and financial return are more sustainable and competitive than SEs with social impact as their sole objective. Furthermore, SEs managed by non-owner managers have better financial planning and performance than those managed by owner managers. In addition, SEs with an oversight/advisory committee are more competitive and have better management practices than those without such a committee. Our findings have policy implications for government, SEs, funding bodies, and non-profit organizations to enhance and promote the development of the social enterprise sector.     

ControlML: A domain-specific modeling language in support of assessing internal controls and the internal control system

In this paper, we refine and extend an earlier language design to introduce a domain-specific modeling language (DSML) for internal control modeling as an extension to an enterprise modeling method. The language is aimed at supporting the assessment of a firm's internal control system through the use of conceptual models of internal controls. In the paper, we report on the design of the modeling language, on its integration with the enterprise modeling method, present the language specification, and discuss language applications in the context of the assessment of an internal control system.     

Enterprise digital transformation,breadth of ownership and stock price volatility

We investigate the impact of enterprise digital transformation on the breadth of ownership and stock price volatility. Our findings demonstrate that enterprise digital transformation has enhanced the breadth of ownership. Furthermore, through cross-sectional analysis, we find that this effect is more prominent in firms with lower investor attention, greater stock underpricing, and in regions with higher levels of digitalization. Additionally, we have discovered that the increase of media coverage and investor attention serve as the underlying economic mechanism between digital transformation and ownership dispersion. Our analysis also shows that digital transformation has the potential to worsen stock price volatility. Finally, our examination of open-end mutual funds reveals a digital preference among mutual fund investors; this preference has improved fund flows while exacerbating fund volatility. Our study has practical implications for regulators and corporate managers, as they highlight the impact of digital transformation on investor decision-making.     

数字经济发展对企业生产率增长的影响机制研究

第四次工业革命以来,以网络化、数字化和智能化为主要特征的数字经济日益成为推动经济发展效率变革的新动能。基于2015―2018年腾讯研究院编制的城市数字经济指数和A股上市公司匹配数据,本文系统考察了数字经济发展对企业生产率的影响和作用机制。结果表明,数字经济对企业生产率的影响呈倒U型,但在本文考察期内,数字经济对企业生产率主要具有正向促进作用。异质性分析表明,在东部地区、非农行业和大中型企业,数字经济对企业生产率的积极影响更为显著。中介效应模型分析表明,数字经济能够通过规模经济效应、范围经济效应、技术创新效应和管理效率效应四个间接途径促进企业生产率增长。本文结论为推进"新基建"战略提供了理论支撑,同时也对如何发展数字经济以实现经济高质量发展具有一定的启示意义。     

影响员工参与的组织因素研究

文章验证了在中国文化背景下员工参与的五个维度,探讨了影响员工参与的一些组织因素.通过对国内185家企业的调查发现,企业性质、培训与激励计划对企业员工参与具有正向影响作用,企业规模与员工参与存在显著的负相关关系,组织年龄、组织结构对于企业员工参与影响不显著.     

有关汇率变动影响企业投资的研究综述

文章介绍了有关汇率变动影响企业投资的相关文献,指出汇率水平变化通过价格效应和成本效应两条途径影响企业投资,其影响程度与企业类型、成本加成、垄断力量等有关。而关于汇率波动对企业投资的影响则有正向、负向和关系不明确三种结论并存。在当前人民币汇率波动不断加大的背景下,从理论上弄清汇率变动与企业投资之间的关系具有重要意义。     

ICT deployment and resource-based power in multinational enterprise futures

Applying a resource-dependency perspective to intra-multinational enterprise (MNE) power [55] and [56], this paper examines the effect of the deployment of advanced ICT and particularly the implementation of enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems. Although subsidiaries in the multinational do not have authority-based or ‘structural’ power with respect to key strategic decisions [6] and [16], they may have ‘resource-based’ power in the form of knowledge and capabilities that is of value to the multinational as a whole. Business network analysis highlights the ‘invisibility’ of the external networks (often in the host country) to the upper echelons in the multinational through which valuable subsidiary knowledge and capabilities develop. It points out that this ‘invisibility’ undermines the headquarters’ ability to control the subsidiary [3], [28], [36], [44], [70] and [74]. In this paper we argue that the deployment of ERP undermines the resource base of subsidiary power and thus helps to restore greater central authority in the MNE. The paper reports findings from studies in twelve MNEs which have implemented ERP and points out that from the perspective of subsidiary managers a key effect of ERP deployment is the reduction in their autonomy. This may have significant adverse implications for the futures of the MNE as a federative organizational form and the legitimacy of MNE operations abroad.     

异质性环境规制与企业盈余信息质量——基于传染效应视角

利用2011—2017年重污染企业数据,检验传染效应视角下异质性环境规制对企业盈余信息质量的影响。研究发现：传染效应强化了显性环境规制对企业盈余信息质量的负向影响,削弱了隐性环境规制对企业盈余信息质量的正向影响。进一步研究发现：对于规模较大、环境不确定性较低和向下盈余管理的企业,传染效应的调节作用更为明显;内部控制质量和社会信任能削弱传染效应的正向调节作用;立法强度、环境补贴和公众参与是影响企业盈余信息质量的主要环境规制。     

民营化、融资约束与企业创新——来自中国工业企业的证据

本文研究国有企业民营化对企业创新的影响及其影响机制。利用中国工业企业数据库,以民营化企业为实验组、以国有企业为对照组进行双重差分检验,结果发现,国有企业民营化显著抑制了企业创新,而融资约束是抑制民营化企业创新的重要因素。进一步检验发现,融资约束对民营化企业创新的抑制作用主要存在于金融发展水平较低的地区,而在金融发展水平较高的地区,这种抑制作用并不明显。本文的研究结果从融资约束的角度拓展了民营化影响企业创新的相关研究,且从民营化的角度为金融市场如何影响企业创新提供了新的视角。此外,本文有助于澄清有关民营化的争议,为进一步深化混合所有制改革、加强金融对民营企业的支持以促进民营企业的创新和发展提供理论依据和政策参考。     

Optimal Financial Structure, Cost of Capital, and the Lease-or-Buy Decision

This note comments on the doubtful application of an economic concept of personal income to the non-personal business enterprise situation.
This paper presents a series of models which we believe properly reflect the relevant relationships in the lease or buy evaluation. The models present the proper cash flow variables for such an analysis and they present the impact on asset net present value of cost of capital and market risk assessment. Finally, the models reflect the simultaneous effect on asset and financial structure of the acceptance of a particular investment opportunity.     

Perceived environmental uncertainty,organizational adaptation,and employee performance: A longitudinal study in professional accounting firms

The importance of organizational adaptation to the environment has been long recognized. A major feature of this adaptation process involves coping with environmental uncertainty. This paper reports the results of an exploratory longitudinal study which investigated the effectiveness of organizational coping in several large professional accounting firms. A significant positive relationship was observed between the reported level of organizational coping and employee performance. The implications of this finding for professional accounting firms, and organizations in the general, are discussed.     

The Impact of Renminbi Appreciation on Stock Prices in China

Since removal of the peg in July 2005, China has entered a new era of a managed floating exchange rate system. Although many observers have raised concerns about the impact of such a policy change on China's trade surplus, less attention has been paid to its effects on financial markets. This paper investigates the impact of recent renminbi appreciation on stock prices in China since removal of the peg, using threshold cointegration and momentum threshold error-correction model (M-TECM). The results clearly illustrate that no short-run causal relation exists, and an asymmetric causal relationship running from the renminbi/U. S. dollar exchange rate to Chinese Shanghai A-share stock prices in the long run is based on M-TECM. Policy and the broader implications of the findings are discussed.