基于博弈视角的三阶段流域水量冲突协调分配研究

针对流域水量冲突问题,基于博弈视角建立了三阶段流域水量协调分配博弈模型,并以常德市澧水流域为例进行案例分析,对流域水量冲突管理过程进行了研究。研究结果表明:阶段一是基于个体理性的顺序博弈,处于上游的地区具有取水优势,而下游用水主体则可能不能满足其基本的用水需求,易引发冲突;阶段二引入政府调控,其节水水平有了很大的提高,且能保障各地区的基本用水需求,但由于信息不对称,很难达到均衡状态;阶段三实现了政府与市场相结合,通过调整市场水权交易价格和水资源税率对流域水量冲突进行协调分配。     

最严格视域下水资源供给侧结构性改革经验探讨——内蒙古自治区水资源管理改革实践

针对内蒙古自治区特别是黄河流域水资源供给侧存在水资源匮乏,供需矛盾突出;用水效率低,政府投入不足;受传统体制机制制约等问题,分析存在问题的原因,提出补足灌区基础设施薄弱短板,调整用水结构促进经济发展,发挥市场在资源配置中调节作用,落实最严格水资源管理制度等措施。     

流域水环境综合治理PPP项目风险的次优分配与致因探析

流域水环境综合治理PPP项目是我国开展水环境治理工作的重要抓手,此类项目投资大、系统性强,因此政府方与社会资本方对风险的合理分担尤为重要。针对流域水环境综合治理PPP项目在公共部门和社会资本方之间的风险分配问题,利用文献统计识别此类项目的共担风险因素,通过专家问卷调查分析风险分担现状,基于博弈论思想探讨次优分配的致因机制,并提出相关建议。研究结果表明:目前流域水环境综合治理PPP实践中存在风险次优分配现象,政府方承担的风险比例偏低;费用支付和项目需求程度两项风险最为重要但风险分配却极不合理;双方谈判地位与风险承担能力不匹配导致次优分配,政府方与社会资本方之间同时存在利益冲突与合作关系,而信息不对称加剧了双方在利益冲突下的非合作博弈。提出了优化费用支付和项目需求程度的风险分担结构及明确风险传导机制的建议。     

塔里木河流域农业水价调整对农业水资源配置和利用的经济效应分析

构建了塔里木河流域农业种植结构和产值结构演进优化指数与农业用水结构和用水经济效率结构演进优化指数,在此基础上,分析了农业水价调整对塔里木河流域农业种植结构、增加值结构、用水结构、用水经济效率结构演进优化的作用。结果表明,农业水价调整能够促进农业种植结构、增加值结构、用水结构、用水经济效率结构演进优化,这为未来塔里木河流域农业水价调整提供了依据。     

Analysing the Agricultural Costs and Non‐market Benefits of Implementing the Water Framework Directive

Implementation of the Water Framework Directive (WFD) represents a fundamental change in the management of water in Europe with a requirement that member states ensure ‘good ecological status’ for all water bodies by 2015. Agriculture is expected to bear a major share of WFD implementation costs as it is compelled to reduce the emission of diffuse water pollutants. The research outlined here comprises interdisciplinary modelling of agricultural land use, hydrology and consequent water quality effects to consider both agricultural costs and the non‐market recreational use (and potentially non‐use) values that implementation of the Directive may generate. A theme throughout the research is the spatial distribution of the costs and benefits of WFD implementation, which is addressed through the use of GIS techniques in the modelling of agricultural land use, the integration of land use and hydrological models, and the estimation, aggregation and transfer of the economic value of the benefits.     

Agricultural Landscape Value and Irrigation Water Policy

Water is a limiting factor of agricultural production in an increasing number of regions. There is also ample empirical evidence to suggest that the economic value of agricultural landscape is substantial, which has been used to justify agricultural support programs in developed economies. We investigate the link between the environmental amenity of agricultural landscape and the value of water in crop production. We find that the environmental externality gives rise to a social derived demand for water which differs from the market‐based (private) derived demand for water. Policy implications regarding irrigation water allocation and pricing are drawn. An empirical example illustrates the methodology and main findings.     

Fostering integrated land and water management approaches: Evaluating the water footprint of a Mediterranean basin under different agricultural land use scenarios

In the Genil River Basin (southern Spain), agriculture is the greatest pressure on freshwater demand. Furthermore, water degradation caused by soil erosion is becoming a key environmental concern. This study aims to assess the water-related impacts of agriculture combining the use of an ecohydrological model (SWAT) with a spatiotemporal water footprint assessment to evaluate the current status of streamflow (blue water), soil water (green water) and the assimilability of sediments by streamflow (grey water footprint). The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) requires farmers to adopt certain agricultural practices that are beneficial for the environment. Such practices could affect the conditions of available land and water resources. Because of the importance of applying the best land management practices for the maintenance of sustainable water resources, the study also infers probable water availability and water pollution level changes under different post-2013 CAP scenarios. The Genil streamflow is highly regulated, and, as a result, it is hard to discern significant changes (p < 0.05) under the proposed scenarios. However, there is a shift with afforestation measures from unproductive (i.e., direct soil evaporation) to productive water (i.e., evapotranspired water from agricultural and natural areas, excluding non-growing periods) consumption. The probability of annual evapotranspiration from natural areas being greater in afforestation scenarios than in the baseline scenario is 0.70 to 0.88, whereas the likelihood of soil water evaporation being lower is 0.60. Evapotranspiration in natural areas increases by about 521% from September to May under afforestation measures compared with the baseline scenario, whereas soil water evaporation decreases by 30% in winter. The grey water footprint and water pollution level decrease by 19% and 9%, respectively, with the highest streamflow conditions under afforestation as opposed to current conditions. However, water pollution levels of suspended solids greater than 1 indicate that the river flow is not capable of assimilating the existing sediment loads. Since land use changes and agricultural practices have a major impact on water resources, the post-2013 CAP reform can provide environmental benefits for water allocation and mitigation of water pollution. However, further efforts are required to better align the policy goals of the CAP and the Water Framework Directive.     

绿水资源研究进展及评述

[目的]基于蓝水绿水概念,综述总结国内外绿水资源的研究进展和发展趋势,以期为国内绿水模拟和绿水管理研究提供相关参考依据。[方法]通过文献分析法和比较归纳法,阐述了绿水资源在水资源评估规划中的重要作用和开发利用潜力,评价了国内外绿水模拟的研究方法、研究进展与局限性因素,分析了气候变化和人类活动对绿水资源的影响,探讨了流域绿水管理的基本理念与应用发展。[结果](1)绿水资源表示水循环通过降水渗透入土壤非饱和层并由植物蒸腾或土壤蒸发返回大气层的水汽,是农业作物生产的重要基础,但是通常被传统流域水资源管理所忽视。(2)绿水模拟分析结果表明,全球尺度的陆地水资源总量中绿水资源平均占65%,全球尺度农业用地(作物生产期)的绿水资源比例平均占82%,因此绿水的开发利用潜力相对较大,忽视绿水资源量可能会低估水资源可用性。(3)绿水参数率定、遥感ET数据校准、时空尺度转换和不确定性分析等关键问题是提升绿水模拟精度的重点研究方向。(4)基于气候变化和人类活动影响下,水资源稳定性相对减弱的可能趋势,将绿水纳入流域水资源管理体系,有利于客观评估水资源量,能够为应对解决水缺乏、水波动与水冲突等水资源问题拓宽思路。(5)绿水管理是合理优化配置流域蓝水绿水资源,协调平衡流域整体社会经济与生态环境效益,且兼顾上下游公平效率的新型流域水资源开发管理模式。[结论]应对水资源问题的两个基本方向即“开源节流”,绿水资源作为开源的重要方向,绿水管理作为节流的基本措施,理应受到重点关注。绿水概念和绿水管理是在水量平衡基础上,实现流域水资源合理优化配置及高效利用的可行途径。     

新时代新趋势背景下资源环境承载力评价初探

[目的]把握要素流动下的资源环境压力转移不仅是资源管理工作也是资源环境承载力评价的重要议题。区域均衡发展和自然资源多元化配置加速了区域间要素流动,文章基于产业/部门视角对资源环境承载力评价方法进行探讨。[方法]该文运用框架分析法,对评价边界划分、要素配置方式和评价方法进行了讨论,分析并把握当前新时代新趋势背景下要素流动性的承载力评价的基本要求,并以供需平衡法对产业/部门层面的承载力评价方法进行了探讨。[结果]当前资源要素行政和市场交叉配置下的承载力评价应在资源跨区流动最小的一个社会配置边界上进行,同时以地理边界上的"人口消费边界"界定本地化资源环境要素需求,并且以考虑出口和剔除进口的资源要素来界定其供给,这样可剥离要素流动带来的资源压力转移。[结论]该文提出了产业/部门层面的承载力评价方法,通过把握资源环境要素位置(包括资源位、经济位和生态位)。其主要策略是通过分析和测量由要素流动引起的资源当地消费,经济贡献和环境效益的变化,来捕捉该变化对承载能力的动态影响。该方法可量化经济系统中物资流动与经济发展、环境效应之间的关系,更好地服务于新时代新趋势下资源要素配置、产业结构调整和环境制度的完善。     

Leveling the field for biofuels: comparing the economic and environmental impacts of biofuel and other export crops in Malawi

Biofuels often raise the specter of food insecurity, water resource depletion, and greenhouse gas emissions from land clearing. These concerns underpin the “sustainability criteria” governing access to European biofuel markets. However, it is unclear if producing biofuels in low‐income countries does exacerbate poverty and food insecurity, and moreover, whether the sustainability criteria should apply to all agricultural exports entering European markets. We develop an integrated modeling framework to simultaneously assess the economic and environmental impacts of producing biofuels in Malawi. We incorporate the effects of land use change on crop water use, and the opportunity costs of using scarce resources for biofuels instead of other crops. We find that biofuel production reduces poverty and food insecurity by raising household incomes. Irrigated outgrower schemes, rather than estate farms, lead to better economic outcomes, fewer emissions, and similar water requirements. Nevertheless, to gain access to European markets, Malawi would need to reduce emissions from ethanol plants. We find that biofuels’ economic and emissions outcomes are generally preferable to tobacco or soybeans. We conclude that the sustainability criteria encourage more sustainable biofuel production in countries like Malawi, but are perhaps overly biased against biofuels since other export crops raise similar concerns about food security and environmental impacts.     

澜沧江-湄公河流域水资源开发多主体合作机制研究

分析澜沧江-湄公河流域内社会经济现状及现有的水资源合作开发基础,借鉴国际上水资源开发的成功合作经验,提出澜沧江-湄公河流域水资源开发多主体合作机制框架,构建涵盖国家、地方、社会和市场4个层面的多主体合作,以期为推进湄公河流域水资源开发合作提供一条新路径。     

Macro–micro feedback links of water management in South Africa: CGE analyses of selected policy regimes

The pressure on an already stressed water situation in South Africa is predicted to increase significantly under climate change, plans for large industrial expansion, ongoing rapid urbanization, and government programs to provide access to water to millions of previously excluded populations. This article employs a general equilibrium approach to examine the economy‐wide impacts of selected macro and water‐related policy reforms on water use and allocation, rural livelihoods, and economy at large. The analyses reveal that implicit crop‐level water quotas reduce the amount of irrigated land allocated to higher‐value horticultural crops and create higher shadow rents for production of lower‐value water‐intensive field crops, such as sugarcane and fodder. Accordingly, liberalizing local water allocation within irrigation agriculture is found to work in favor of higher‐value crops, and expand agricultural production and exports and farm employment. Allowing for water trade between irrigation and nonagricultural uses fuelled by higher competition for water from urbanization leads to greater water shadow prices for irrigation water with reduced income and employment benefits to rural households and higher gains for nonagricultural households. The analyses show difficult trade‐offs between general economic gains and higher water prices, which place serious questions on subsidizing water supply to irrigated agriculture, i.e., making irrigation subsidies much harder to justify.     

ZonAgri: A modeling environment to explore agricultural activities and water demands on a regional scale

To design integrated water management for a whole region, all agricultural activities need to be taken into account together with their irrigation water requirements and agricultural outputs. The aim of this paper is to present a modeling environment, called ZonAgri, that allows agricultural activities to be represented at regional scale and enables prospective scenarios concerning these activities to be tested. The modeling of agricultural activities is based on typologies of farms and production units (i.e. plant cropping systems) using a simple framework. A region is designated as a set of “sectors” that correspond to geographical spaces; each sector is designated as a weighted (by strength) sum of “farms”. A “farm” is designated as a weighted (by size) sum of “production units” that can be linked with specific geographical “sites” in the region. Each “production unit” consumes inputs and produces outputs that can have prices. This framework allows the aggregated calculation of inputs and outputs, as well as of the incomes of farms, sites or sectors. Scenarios can be built to change the original values or to envisage changes that may occur over a period of several years. The results of multi-year simulations make up the database. The information contained in the database can be requested by area or by sector, and can be mapped and exported to be used in a GIS. Maps of agricultural activities or water demand can then be superimposed on maps of water resources and hydraulic facilities to check if they are consistent.     

Water and growth in an agricultural economy

We present a model of economic growth of an agricultural household that is faced with an exogenous water availability constraint. We examine the long‐run investment and consumption choices under two scenarios: (i) when the water availability constraint is binding and (ii) when it is not binding. We then compare the two scenarios to derive conditional convergence hypotheses regarding the impact of water availability on long‐run agricultural growth. Panel data from Wyoming are used to test these conditional convergence hypotheses. We find that Wyoming counties exhibit strong conditional convergence in agricultural growth. Our theoretical and empirical results demonstrate that water availability is not a determinant but can be a constraint on long‐run agricultural growth. Higher water use leads to higher growth in agricultural yield per capita but when water rights constrain water use in a county, as we found in southeastern Wyoming, there are significant losses in agricultural growth.     

Exploiting comparative advantage in agriculture and resources: the way forward for Small Island States

Using Papua New Guinea as a case study, this paper investigates the macroeconomic and sectoral impacts of various developments in its agricultural and resource sector. It was found that commodity booms from 2004 to 2009 and the proposed large liquefied natural gas project increase output growth substantially but with Dutch disease consequences. The output expansion of the agricultural and fishery sectors on the other hand has limited positive impacts and the challenge lies in raising the productivity growth in these sectors and the better use of foreign aid. Lastly, the optimal policy strategy for sustainable development in the agricultural, fishery and resource sectors lies in the packaging of appropriate complementary policies (both institutional and economic) that support one another and the coherent implementation of these policies in a timely manner.     

基于用水户满意度准则的流域水资源合理配置研究

我国的流域水资源配置主要从流域管理者角度出发,追求流域整体利益最大化,由于忽视了流域内各用水户的个体利益和协商意愿,导致流域内部分用水户对水资源配置方案的满意度较低,方案可行性较差。因此,将用水户对配置方案的满意程度定义为用水户满意度,并将其量化为最低满意度函数和协调满意度函数,为用水户参与水资源配置方案决策提供通道。最终,建立基于用水户满意度准则的流域水资源合理配置模型,并以黑河流域为例进行实例验证。结果表明:①基于用水户满意度准则的流域水资源合理配置模型能够满足水资源配置的公平性。②流域内各分区对水资源配置方案的协调满意度与各自的水资源配置权重成正比。③当最低满意度取值较高时,流域水资源管理机构在制定配水方案时更强调配水的公平性;反之,则更强调用水效率,易出现部分区域缺水情况,影响流域水资源配置的公平性,应避免该情况出现。     

Management of salinity in the river Murray basin

The salinization of the extensive River Murray system and its highly cultivated basin in south-eastern Australia is viewed as one of the nation's most significant resource and environmental problems. This article details the major factors that have contributed to salinity and discusses policies for its management. Past salinity studies are seen to be too limited and have mainly examined the cost-effectiveness of alternatives at the local level over a short term using a limited set of economic and technical criteria. It is argued that a more comprehensive assessment of management options is needed, ideally with the objective of maximizing community welfare over time throughout the whole basin. Clearly, legislative and financial measures will then be necessary to encourage the adoption of relevant options.     

湟水流域水资源可持续利用研究

湟水流域是青海省的工农业生产基地和人口最集中的地区,用水量占青海全省用水量的42%。由于人口和水资源量在地区上的分布不平衡,加之水污染日益严重,水资源供需矛盾极为突出,直接制约着青海经济和社会的可持续发展。在分析该流域水资源特征和开发利用现状的基础上,针对目前存在的突出问题,提出了保护对策和措施。     

基于DEA的农业水土资源匹配特征研究*——以甘肃省5流域为例

［目的］水土资源可持续利用是经济社会和生态环境可持续发展的基础。以疏勒河、黑河、石羊河、黄河上游、嘉陵江5个流域为评价单元,研究2001—2016年甘肃省的流域农业水土资源配置效率的趋势、分析其主要影响因素,并基于不同流域农业生产投入及其冗余状况对生产效率提升途径进行探索。［方法］运用数据包络分析法中的BCC和CCR模型分析该省农业水土资源匹配特征,并利用Mann Kendall法进行趋势检验,最后运用主成分分析法探究其主要影响因素。［结果］（1）2001—2016年甘肃省农业水土资源利用综合效率、技术效率、规模效率总体走向呈现上升并趋于稳定,这种上升趋势通过了005的显著性检验;（2）从时间序列来看, 2001—2016年甘肃省及各流域地区的农业水土资源匹配程度总体上呈现上升趋势并趋于稳定状态; 从流域空间上来看,各流域农业水土资源匹配程度比较结果为：黑河＞石羊河＞黄河上游＞疏勒河＞嘉陵江;（3）总人口数、城镇化率、降水量、产水模数及GDP耗水量这5个影响因子的显著性和代表性增强,对甘肃省水土资源匹配的解释程度也较强。［结论］甘肃省水土资源匹配度有较大的提升空间,从各流域水土资源利用和管理特点出发,采取具体措施优化限制因子,可以促进区域比较优势的发挥,又能够引导区域农业经济空间的合理化,最终实现农业可持续发展目标。     

加强科技创新 提高农业用水生产力

随着我国人口增长和经济发展,农产品消费需求将呈刚性增长。与此同时,耕地减少、水资源短缺、气候变化等因素对农业生产的约束日益突出,特别是水资源短缺问题将成为对我国农业可持续发展的严峻挑战。提高农业用水生产力,要发展生物性节水技术,开发旱作节水技术,发展现代节水灌溉技术,解决水质性缺水问题,提高节水装备水平,加强管理制度和机制创新。