对欠税早于担保物权优先受偿的质疑

2001年4月29日九届人大常委会第二十一次会议对1992年9月4日七届人大常委会第二十七次会议通过的《中华人民共和国税收征收管理法》(以下简称《税收征管法》)作了修正,其新增的第四十五条规定:"纳税人欠缴的税款发生在纳税人以其财产设定抵押、质押或者纳税人的财产被留置之前的,税收应当先于抵押权、质权、留置权执行",在对该法律条文的理解上,法学界和审判实务部门争论较多,主要有两种不同的观点:一种观点认为如欠税早于抵押权、质权、留置权的,按《税收征管法》第四十五条的规定,税收优先于抵押权、质权、留置权;另一种观点认为税收优先权其效力应后于经合法公示的抵押权、质权和留置权.但在论述各自的观点时都没有从法律规范冲突的法律适用规则出发.本文拟就从法律规范冲突的法律适用规则出发,对欠税早于抵押权、质权、留置权时,税收优先权与抵押权、质权、留置权发生冲突,税款能否优先受偿以及产生这一冲突的原因作一探讨.     

论我国税收优先权实现的方法与途径

新《税收征管法》在立法上第一次提出了“税收优先权”的概念,该法第四十五条规定：“税收机关征收税款,税收优先于无担保债权,法律另有规定的除外：纳税人欠缴的税款发生在纳税人以其财产设定抵押、质押或者纳税人的财产被留置之前的,税收应当优先于抵押权、质权、留置权执行。纳税人欠缴税款,同时又被行政机关决定处以罚款、没收违法所得的,税收优先于罚款、没收违法所得。”税收优先权制度在立法上的确立明显地超前于税法基础理论研究的现状,对税法学研究提出了挑战。     

税收优先权适用范围的法律规制研究

《税收征管法》第四十五条规定的税收优先权,主要适用于税收征管程序、民事执行程序、企业破产程序,但存在税收优先权适用的法律程序不明确、税收优先权与其他优先权的关系界定不清、税收债权与担保物权受偿顺序相矛盾等问题。本文基于公私法融合理论,认为税收优先权的适用应确立"课税禁区"原则、担保物权特别优先原则、税收债权公告优先原则、物权变动中特定税种优先扣划原则,通过优化并改进税收征管程序欠税公告机制、完善民事执行程序中税收债权的参与分配机制、确立企业破产程序中限制税收优先权机制等方式规制税收优先权的适用。     

税收优先权的效力初探

新税收征管法规定了税收优先权，即税款的受偿优先于无担保债权和行政处罚中的财产罚，在一定条件下，还优先于有担保债权。但我国现有法律表明，税收优先权在效力上存在矛盾，协调它应体现对不同法益的价值权衡。税收优先权的实现应依照先就无担保的财产后有担保的财产、先动产后不动产的顺序清偿。     

论税收优先权的理论依据

我国现行的《税收征管法》规定了税收优先权的范围和效力,其中既肯定了税收优先权相对于普通债权和担保物权的优先性,同时又对这种优先性做了相应的限制。该文将通过运用税法总论中的知识,探究我国税收优先权的实然规定背后的理论依据。     

论税收的司法保障

从我国法律体系基本法律部门的角度,可以把具有税收司法保障功用的法律规范,大略分为以下几类:一、税收民事司法保障制度1、税收优先权司法保障制度。关于税收优先权,《中华人民共和国税收征收管理法》(以下简称《税收征管法》)第45条规定:"税务机关征收税款,税收优先于无担保债权,法律另有规定的除外;纳     

试论我国税收优先权制度的完善

我国的<税收征管法><破产法>等对税收优先权均作了相关规定,但存在法律规定不统一、内容不具体和相关配套措施不健全等问题.应建立统一的税收优先权法律制度,明确其适用的税种、客体范围、税收债权和担保债权优先顺序的时间界限等,进一步完善欠税公告制度和信息交换机制.     

税收有哪些优先权

税收是国家财政收入的主要来源，体现的是公共权利，满足的是社会共同需要，因此税收体现的公权应当优先于满足个别需要的私权。税收优先，是指税务机关在征收税款的过程中，遇到纳税人的财产不足以同时缴纳税款和偿付其他有关财务时，应优先征收税款。税收优先体现了国家的政治权利优先于一部分经济权利，在一定程度上体现了税收的强制性。税收优先权主要体现在以下三个方面：[第一段]     

税收优先权制度的立法缺陷及其完善

我国部分法律、法规对税收优先权均作了相应规定,但存在规定不统一、内容不具体、相关配套措施不健全等问题。应建立统一的税收优先权法律制度,明确其适用的税种、客体范围、税收债权和担保债权优先顺序的时间界限等,进一步完善欠税公告制度和信息交换机制,并建立健全税收优先权司法保障体系。     

新征管法强化了税收执法手段

税收是国家财政收入的主要组成部分，是国家机器政党运转和各项事业发展的物质保证，法律应予以特别保护。目前，在一些经济纠纷、企业重组、企业破产等事件过程中，国家税收得不到有效保护的总是相当突出。为了从法律上明确国家税收的优先地位，避免国家税收流失，新征管法在第四十五条中确定了税收优先的三种原则：一是税收优地无担保债权一般原则，法律另有规定的除外。二是确定了税款与抵押权、质权、留置权同等优先的特别原则，将产生欠缴税款的时间与设定抵押、质押、留置的时间先后做为优先标准，纳税人欠缴的税款发生在纳税人以其财产设定抵押、质押或纳税人的财产被留置之前的，税收应当先于抵押权、质权、留置权执行。三是确立了税款优先于行政财产处罚的特别原则，纳税人欠缴税款，同时又被行政机关决定处以罚款、没收违法所得的，税收优先于罚款、没收违法所得。     

Almanac of anticipations: The age of affluence—of anticipation—of anxiety—of automation—of discontinuity—of longing—of overkill—of space exploration

With this survey of developments in the futures field since 1945, I.F. Clarke completes his present series for Futures. He makes two major points: that forecasting techniques have become essential tools in the management of change; and that nuclear weapons and ecological problems have added a moral dimension to the study of the future. In the next issue of Futures he will start a new series on the range of future-thinking in the USA, from the expectations of the first settlers to the Star Wars programme.     

社会主义所有制形式的改革、完善与共产党执政能力的提高

在中国,所有制形式的调整、改革与完善,先进生产力的发展,党的执政能力建设,是社会主义建设过程中密切结合在一起的三个不同层面的发展关系.应在相互促进和共同提高中促进社会的和谐发展,保证社会主义现代化建设战略目标的顺利实现.     

基金公司经营融资融券业务的问题审视

融资融券业务正式运营已经开展,为证券市场带来了革命性的改革,作为证券市场的一大主体,基金公司面对融资融券也迎来了新的发展方向和挑战,本文从融资融券业务的运行机制入手,分析了基金公司融资融券的新契机,并对其即将面临的问题进行审视和剖析,进而提出策略建议.     

对基层人民银行科技工作的几点建议

银监会分设后,人民银行将专司货币政策、金融稳定、金融服务三大职能。作为人民银行的分支机构,基层人民银行的工作重心也将从金融监管调整到这三大职能上来。人民银行的科技部门,就要积极运用科技手段,为人民银行履行新的职能发挥“服务、支持、促进、发展”的作用。一、围绕三大职能搭建五大平台经过“六五打基础、七五作准备、八五大发展”几个阶段后,人民银行相继实现了核算电算化、清算网络化和办公信息化。特别是近一两年来,陆续开通了大额支付系统、信贷登记咨询系统、会计四集中系统、金融信息服务网站等系统,人民银行信息化水平又…     

Properties of time-series estimates of degree of leverage measures

Empirical studies suggest that time-series regression estimates of the degrees of operating and financial leverage have a tendency to produce measures less than one. According to ex ante theory, these measures should be greater than one for firms operating above the breakeven point. There have also been suggestions that the biases in these estimates may be attributable to an underlying increase in unit sales. This work presents evidence that these counter-intuitive measures are produced by changes in the firm's operating parameters (unit price, variable cost, fixed cost and interest payments). It further suggests that attempts to control for the underlying change in unit sales substantially increase the volatility of predicted estimates.     

浅议金融机构的举证责任

金融纠纷案件是当事人以存单或进账单、对账单、存款合同、保险单、票据、证券等凭证为主要证据向人民法院提出诉讼的案件,对于不同种类金融纠纷的当事人的举证责任,我国现行的金融法律、法规及司法解释有不同的规定。由于金融机构的特殊法律地位,发生金融纠纷时存在有关当事人将最后偿付风险转移给金融机构承担的主观故意,在客观上会使金融机构难以提供相应的证据来对抗不法债权人的诉讼请求,而导致金融机构败诉。为此,对金融诉讼案件中金融机构的举证责任加以研究具有重要的实践意义。     

Summary of Results of Survey of Seminar Attendees

Abstract

The Society of Actuaries undertook a three-phase research project on mortality improvement in the three NAFTA countries: Canada, Mexico, and the U.S. Phase 1 consisted of a literature review of papers on projecting mortality levels in the future and a study of the trend in mortality improvement during this century. Phase 2 consisted of a discussion of different facets of modeling mortality rates at a seminar attended by 79 experts (actuaries, demographers, economists, and medical researchers) representing different countries. The last session of the seminar consisted of the completion of a survey by the attendees to obtain input for Phase 3, which would analyze the impact of mortality improvement on the social security system of each country. This paper summarizes the results of the survey.

The survey results illustrate the difficulty in forecasting mortality levels, because the effects of many factors that could have significant impact on mortality rates are unknown. This suggests the need for dynamic forecasting, which allows for the possibility of random shocks. A majority of the survey respondents believe that stochastic forecasting models, despite their complexity, have significant potential to add value. Respondents also believe that both historical data and cause-specific mortality forecasts are useful as input and also in validating forecasts of the aggregate levels of mortality. The challenge is to develop more sophisticated forecasting models to produce results that are relatively easy to interpret and to communicate these results to the desired audiences, including the public and policymakers.

The survey results suggest that the aggregate effect of lifestyle changes, medical advances, diseases, catastrophe, and physical environmental changes is an increase in life span. However, there is much uncertainty about the future. Respondents expect that beyond the year 2020 the mean annual rate of reduction in mortality for males age 65 and over will average about 0.58% for Canada, 0.76% for Mexico, and 0.67% for the U.S. The results for the female age 65 and over population are 0.64%, 0.83%, and 0.70%, respectively. The age 65 and over population is expected to see larger percentage reductions in mortality than the 0–14 and 15–64 populations. The reductions in male and female mortality will be ultimately the same, and the mortality levels in the three countries will ultimately converge, although differences may persist for decades.     

The Usefulness of Measures of Consistency of Discretionary Components of Accruals in the Detection of Earnings Management

Abstract:  Prior research has shown the prevalence of measurement error in models used to estimate aggregate discretionary accruals. In these models, the incremental information content of the various components of accruals is ignored. Limited prior research and data gathered from firms under Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) litigation indicate that managers use either one or more than one component of accruals simultaneously, in a consistent way to manipulate bottom-line earnings in a given direction. I propose two measures that capture the consistency between the discretionary components of accruals and test their significance in earnings management (EM) detection in firms that have artificially added accrual manipulation and firms that were targeted by the SEC for accrual manipulation. There is evidence that this information is incrementally useful in detecting EM. This finding paves the way for improvements in the discretionary accruals measure by including consistency information from the components of aggregate accruals.     

Separation of Unit of Account from Medium of Exchange

The separation of a unit of account (UoA) from a medium of exchange (MoE) in the commodity–money system is investigated by considering explicitly a seller's choice of UoA in terms of either an MoE or a unit of metal weight. If the likelihood of debasement of an MoE and its rate are high enough, the price is posted in terms of a unit of metal weight rather than an MoE. Interestingly, this MoE–UoA separated equilibrium yields the flexible nominal price, whereas an MoE–UoA integrated equilibrium yields the sticky one. This implies the nominal price rigidity in the fiat‐money system where MoE and UoA are integrated.