企业家理论认识的现实困惑与超越

经济学家对企业家概念的不同理解以及企业家理论的不健全,导致了现实当中对企业家理论认识的许多困惑。企业家是市场经济的产物,传统的计划经济时代不可能产生企业家;企业家精神作为企业家的一个必要的组成部分,是企业家的核心和灵魂;企业家和企业家精神是“自我甄别”的结果,市场无法甄别企业家和企业家精神;企业家和内企业家极其相似,但又存在着很大的区别;企业家与职业经理人是一对相互联系而又有本质区别的概念和角色。     

产业集群环境、创业者特质与创业成功关系研究

创业成功是创业的基本指向。创业环境、创业者特质是影响创业成功的重要因素。在对产业集群环境、创业者特质和创业成功进行理论综述的基础上,提出了3个变量的结构维度,具体分析了产业集群环境对创业者特质和创业成功的积极作用以及创业者特质对创业成功的正向影响。     

创业理论及其架构分析

以往的创业研究虽然涉及范围很广 ,但是一直没有形成独立的理论体系。本文从界定创业的术语表述出发 ,全面回顾和评析了以前的研究成果 ,并针对创业的形式、创业者的风险、创业者的天赋和创业研究的“身份”这四个争论的焦点问题作出了自己的解释。在此基础之上 ,本文分析了创业研究的目的和所涉及的领域 ,给出了创业的定义 ,并提出了基于创新、风险和企业管理三个维度的创业理论的概念性架构。     

从高校创业教育到创业实践的探析——以斯坦福大学创业教育为例

随着我国高等教育的不断发展,毕业生数量逐年增加,就业矛盾日益突出,以创业带动就业成为趋势,创业教育也因此备受关注。近年来我国高校创业教育发展取得了很大进步,但与美国等发达国家相比仍存在较大差距,特别是如何将创业教育与创业实践相结合的问题,使创业教育更好的服务于创业实践。通过对我国创业教育现状和美国斯坦福大学创业教育特点的分析,提出了深化创业教育理念,促进国内外高校的交流与合作、注重创业师资团队建设,增强创业实践教育环节、坚持理论教育与创业实践相结合的从创业教育到创业实践的具体途径,从而使我国的创业教育更具实践意义。     

利益相关者视角下开拓型制度创业机制研究

中国转型经济背景下,企业家通过开创一种从无到有的制度而形成的制度创业即被认为是开拓型制度创业,以阿里巴巴电商模式为典型代表的开拓型制度创业实践对于开拓型制度创业机制研究具有重要意义。以阿里巴巴为研究对象,从利益相关者视角出发,将阿里巴巴制度创业中利益相关者分为核心利益相关者、蛰伏利益相关者和边缘利益相关者3类。运用扎根理论方法,提炼出阿里巴巴制度创业面临来自利益相关者的制度创业约束、所使用的制度创业策略以及所获取的制度创业合法化,构建出阿里巴巴制度创业机制模型,最终提炼出开拓型制度创业一般机制模型。     

基于环境视角的创业研究框架构建

本文通过梳理国内外创业研究相关文献,参照系统理论、组织平衡理论、均衡理论和内生性理论,结合中国的创业环境实际,把环境要素作为影响创业的内生变量,尝试从环境的视角构建创业研究框架,提出创业是创业者与创业环境动态平衡的结果。从环境角度研究创业,为创业研究提供了一个动态的、客观的视角,使研究更具科学性和操作性。     

企业家制度创业行为过程——基于吉利与绿源的案例分析

以吉利汽车和绿源电动车为研究对象,采用案例研究方法,分析企业家的制度创业行为过程。研究结果表明:企业家的制度创业行为过程包括构建变革使命、宣传变革使命、动员资源建立联盟以实施变革;在此过程中,企业家运用不同策略实现各环节的活动,最终达到制度创业的目标。     

创业过程的情景依存性分析

创业是创业主体与创业环境交互作用的动态过程。创业环境的资源依存理论与种群生态理论都认为环境是影响企业创业活动的重要因素,创业过程具有明显的环境嵌入特点。创业环境的要素模型和特征模型是分析创业过程的基础。研究表明,创业环境主要通过影响创业信息的检索、创业机会的识别、创业资源的攫取以及创业经营策略作用于整个创业过程。本文结论对地方政府营造良好的区域创业环境具有政策启示。     

Human capital and the private equity premium

When capital market is imperfect, an entrepreneur has to invest substantial personal funds to start a firm and has to bear large firm-specific risk. Furthermore, if a typical entrepreneur is risk averse, private equity should earn a premium for idiosyncratic risk. In this paper I explore the interaction of human capital with the decision to become an entrepreneur. I calibrate a model of entrepreneurial choice to illustrate a significant attenuating effect of human capital on the premium for firm-specific risk. When an entrepreneur can quit the business and work for hire, the firm-specific risk premium is order of magnitude lower than without this option. While an entrepreneur puts at risk a substantial fraction of financial wealth, she does not commit all human capital to the current business. At stake is only the labor income forgone while managing the firm and the rest of human capital is unaffected by the business risk. Empirical evidence suggests that private equity does not earn any significant premium over publicly traded equity. The model with human capital is consistent with this observation, assuming typical entrepreneur forgoes a small expected return (1.5%) in lieu of intangible benefits of entrepreneurship.     

制度环境对企业家精神配置的影响:金融市场的调节作用

综合考虑政治法律制度环境和金融环境,实证分析制度环境对企业家精神配置的影响机理。结果发现,政府行政管理质量对企业家创新精神、企业家创业精神和生产性企业家精神综合水平具有正向促进作用;企业经营法制环境、金融环境质量与企业家创业精神存在负相关关系;金融环境在政府行政管理质量与企业家创新精神关系中起正向调节作用,而在企业经营法制环境与企业家创业精神关系中起负向调节作用。     

Political Entrepreneurs and the Transfer Demanding Process: Homesteading the Unassigned District

This paper introduces the transfer-demanding entrepreneur to help bridge the gap between static equilibria in an interest group theory of government and process theories. The transfer demanding entrepreneur acts in a creative, discontinuous fashion to organize latent demand for a particular transfer into an effective interest group. The disequilibrating, re-equilibrating transfer demanding entrepreneur provides a theoretical framework for understanding the movement between static political equilibria. This paper considers the transfer demanding entrepreneurship necessary to bring together the western railroads, organized labor, and potential Oklahoma colonists in the passage of white settlement and coal-lease ratification legislation in the Indian Territory.     

Toward a Political Economy of Markets

In the post-Washington Consensus era, increasing emphasis on private sector-led strategies for economic growth has contributed to the focus of policymakers on entrepreneurship. However, many programs designed to support entrepreneurship are based on an erroneous and biased image of the entrepreneur, with important consequences for development processes and outcomes. Longstanding ideology underlying the entrepreneur as a rugged individual hero shapes not only the masculinist notion of entrepreneurship in most societies, but also the narrow focus and structure of entrepreneurship programs. Microfinance, however, is generally conceptualized as being "different" from other programs, particularly given its informal sector reach and common group lending model. This paper investigates the extent to which microfinance is able to build community, and to sustain individual entrepreneurs' attention to social solidarity economy. Alternative approaches to microfinance, which fundamentally restructure the way it works — specifically considering the issue of community-building — are discussed as a possible "next evolution" of this form of social enterprise.     

Entrepreneurship and the taste for discrimination

This paper analyzes the connection between discrimination and entrepreneurship. We contend that the entrepreneur is the central mechanism through which inefficiencies associated with discrimination are competed away. In addition to illuminating the mechanism through which existing discrimination tends to be eliminated, we also consider the more difficult case of consumer discrimination. The standard assumption is that consumer discrimination will not be competed away through market forces. In contrast, we find that entrepreneurs can correct the inefficiencies associated with this form of discrimination by influencing the costs and benefits associated with consumer discrimination. We empirically analyze the integration of black players in Major League Baseball to illustrate our theoretical arguments regarding entrepreneurship and consumer discrimination.     

创业者网络管理能力与创业机会识别及开发——一个有调节的中介模型

随着我国经济新常态迈向新阶段，社会网络对科技型初创企业创业者的作用愈加重要。由此，提出一个创业者网络管理能力（ENMC）模型，该模型涉及创业者在规划、构建和维持社会网络中的角色，通过创业网络质量的中介作用进一步与创业机会识别、开发相关。借鉴关系生成、公司网络管理以及社会能力理论，构建创业者网络管理能力三维结构模型：网络规划能力（NPC）、网络构建能力（NSC）以及网络维持能力（NMC）。最后，实证检验环境动态性正向调节创业网络质量在创业者网络管理能力对创业机会识别与开发关系的中介作用，发现相比弱环境动态性，强环境动态性条件下，创业者网络管理能力通过创业网络质量对创业机会识别与开发的影响更大。     

Attachment orientations and entrepreneurship

This research presents a theoretical model and examines it empirically to associate attachment orientations with various types of entrepreneurs. The results show clear evidence that attachment orientations not only predict an adult’s tendency to become an entrepreneur but also the type of entrepreneur he will become. Specifically, the results show that attachment anxiety is the dimension that is the most responsible for the variability of becoming an entrepreneur, while anxiety and avoidant dimensions predict his characteristics and attitudes as an entrepreneur. This paper makes five important contributions to the research of both attachment theory and entrepreneurship. First, it adds to the theoretical understanding of the psychology of entrepreneurs. Second, the attachment theory enables us to extend our understanding beyond the predictions of personality traits regarding entrepreneurial intentions in order to further predict the type of entrepreneur he will turn out to be. Third, it stresses the role of early childhood events regarding the prediction of future entrepreneurial orientation. Fourth, it uses a unique data set of real young entrepreneurs in a single industry homogenous design in Israel, which is known worldwide as a startup nation. Fifth, it focuses on the opportunity validation stage (rather than the opportunity identification of the resource allocation stages), which is often neglected in entrepreneur personality research.     

创业情境下管理强度与创业绩效关系探讨:团队合作的中介效应

创业活动以其良好的经济与社会效益越来越受到重视,创业过程的核心是创业要素之间的动态匹配。为诠释创业理念在创业者和创业成员之间的匹配,结合创业者特质和成熟企业管理制度演化两种理论视角,提出了创业情境下管理强度的概念,并构建了其与团队合作、新创企业绩效之间的理论模型。通过107份预测试问卷和171份正式问卷进行实证分析,结果发现:创业管理强度可以被划分为独特性、统一性、共识性3个维度;创业管理强度对创业企业绩效具有显著正向影响,这种正向影响机制可以从团队合作方面得到解释,即团队合作在创业管理强度和创业企业绩效之间发挥中介作用。     

创业者网络管理能力与创业机会识别及开发——一个有调节的中介模型

随着我国经济新常态迈向新阶段，社会网络对科技型初创企业创业者的作用愈加重要。由此，提出一个创业者网络管理能力（ENMC）模型，该模型涉及创业者在规划、构建和维持社会网络中的角色，通过创业网络质量的中介作用进一步与创业机会识别、开发相关。借鉴关系生成、公司网络管理以及社会能力理论，构建创业者网络管理能力三维结构模型：网络规划能力（NPC）、网络构建能力（NSC）以及网络维持能力（NMC）。最后，实证检验环境动态性正向调节创业网络质量在创业者网络管理能力对创业机会识别与开发关系的中介作用，发现相比弱环境动态性，强环境动态性条件下，创业者网络管理能力通过创业网络质量对创业机会识别与开发的影响更大。     

为什么日本是一个“创业真空”国度

日本的创新水平处于全球前列，而日本社会创业的比例却很低，被称为“创业真空”国家。作为创业领域非常重要的概念和变量，一个国家新生创业者比例对于其经济发展至关重要。使用全球创业观察2014年的数据，采用个人层面是否为新生创业者和创业意愿作为主要因变量，分析国家层面的变量对于个人成为新生创业者的影响。结果发现，国家层面单一因素，如文化上的不确定性规避意识，对新生创业者并不产生显著影响，宏观经济的稳定性则会影响个人是否成为新生创业者。在加入年龄这一调节变量后，发现三者之间的交互项显著。这说明日本低创业率不仅仅是单方面因素导致的，而更是宏观经济不稳定性、不确定性规避以及老龄化三者之间共同影响的结果。研究结果对于正确理解日本创业现状以及制定促进创业的相关政策具有重要意义。     

Cultural entrepreneurship

Cultural entrepreneurship is a new character in the cultural sector. This paper characterizes the cultural entrepreneur paying homage to the hermeneutic approach of Don Lavoie and others. The challenge is to render the “cultural” meaningful. An invention is the highlighting of the rhetorical qualities of entrepreneurship. A cultural entrepreneur is the character who is entrepreneurial in the realization of cultural values, so is the conclusion.