贸易扩张与收入不平等:基于金融发展视角的理论与经验分析

金融发展是贸易比较优势的重要源泉,文章将金融发展因素纳入到贸易与收入不平等的分析框架,并基于省际面板数据检验贸易扩张对收入不平等的影响。研究结果表明,进出口贸易确实加剧了中国收入不平等程度,而金融发展对贸易扩张的收入分配效应则起到负向作用,即地区金融发展水平的提高有助于贸易缩小收入差距。然而金融发展的作用尚未充分体现,这是源于中国金融体系具有明显的选择性压制或制度偏向特征。     

不同程度金融化水平对功能性收入分配的影响分析——基于中国省际面板门限回归模型的研究

全球范围内劳动力收入份额不断下降再次引发了人们对功能性收入分配问题的重视.本文通过构建卡莱斯基分配增长模型分析表明,金融化会增大股东权利,从而财产性收入的增加会不断降低劳动力收入份额.基于中国东中西部及城乡省际面板数据,建立面板门限回归模型印证了这一结论,且金融化水平较高的城镇及东部城镇地区实证结果均表明,金融化对劳动力收入份额的挤占存在门限效应:在金融化的初期会大幅降低劳动力收入份额,超过门限值后这一负面影响明显减弱;中西部城镇及农村地区未发现门限效应,但两者仍呈显著的负向关系.     

数字普惠金融对城乡收入差距的影响 ——兼论城镇化水平的调节效应

本文基于我国西北地区2011—2018年31个地级市的面板数据,利用固定效应模型实证分析了数字普惠金融对城乡收入差距的影响,并考察了城镇化水平的调节效应.研究结果表明:数字普惠金融通过缓解农村地区金融排斥从而缩小城乡收入差距,且城镇化水平的调节效应显著,即在城镇化水平越低的地区数字普惠金融收敛城乡收入差距的效果越明显.据此本文提出西北地区应加快发展数字普惠金融,同时加速推进城镇化建设,加强金融风险防范,从而更有效地缩小城乡收入差距.     

数字普惠金融是否缩小了城乡居民收入差距 ——基于中国省际数据的面板门槛分析

本文选用2011-2018年省级面板数据为研究样本,构建线性面板模型及面板门槛模型,验证数字普惠金融的发展对城乡收入差距的影响及其门槛效应,并进一步进行中介效应检验。研究结果显示,数字普惠金融的发展能有效缩小城乡居民收入差距,且具有门槛效应,在经济发展初期,这一收敛作用更为明显。数字普惠金融能缩小城乡居民收入差距并且促进经济发展,而经济发展水平的提升却能小幅度地扩大城乡居民收入差距,但总体来说,仍以数字普惠金融对城乡居民收入差距的收敛作用为主导效应。     

财政分权、社会保障支出与城乡居民收入差距的实证分析

基于1998～2012年各省的面板数据,利用动态广义矩(GMM)和面板门槛模型实证分析财政分权、社会保障支出对城乡收入差距的影响,结果显示:由于中国城乡二元经济的特殊性,财政分权、人均社会保障支出与城乡居民收入差距均成正相关性.但社会保障支出对城乡收入差距的影响存在基于财政分权的双门槛效应,当财政分权水平较低时,社会保障支出的增加加剧了城乡收入差距;当财政分权高于一定水平时,社会保障支出有助于缩小城乡收入差距.     

金融发展与中部地区城乡收入差距研究

本文利用面板数据,采用FGLS估计方法,对金融发展与中部六省城乡居民收入差距的关系进行实证检验。研究表明:1990~2009年间,金融发展规模、经济增长扩大了中部地区城乡居民收入差距;金融发展效率、人力资本提升则缩小了中部地区城乡居民收入不平等。基于研究结论,本文提出中部地区金融改革与发展的若干重要政策建议。     

经济金融化与美国收入分配差距的扩大：理论与实证分析北大核心CSSCI

海内外左翼学者均认为经济金融化会导致收入分配差距的扩大,本文在已有研究的基础上,首先运用卡尔多模型,通过数理分析论证了金融化导致收入分配差距的必然性,然后分别运用HP滤波分析、门限回归和多元线性回归分析,验证和定量分析了经济金融化对美国收入分配差距的影响。HP滤波分析结果表明,1970年以来美国不断扩大的贫富差距在一定程度上与日益攀升的金融化率有着密切联系;门限回归结果显示,当财产性收入占总收入的比重低于或等于19.64%时,经济金融化水平每提高1%,基尼系数就提高0.3877%;当财产性收入占总收入的比重高于19.64%时,经济金融化水平每提高1%,基尼系数就提高0.5661%;多元线性回归分析进一步定量刻画了金融化及其他控制变量对美国收入分配差距的影响系数。结果表明,经济金融化形成了金融资本偏倚型的收入分配模式,会造成收入和财富分配的不平等状况持续加剧。     

金融市场发展与地方政府债务规模--基于面板门限模型研究

选取金融发展水平、财政平衡、经济发展水平等经济指标,对26个省份17年的面板数据构建面板门限模型并进行研究,发现金融发展水平对地方政府存在门限效应,金融发展水平越高,地方政府债务规模门限也越高,一旦超过门限值,地方政府很难通过融资来缓解债务,地方政府可依据金融发展水平来调控债务规模。     

数字普惠金融对城乡收入差距的空间溢出效应——以我国30个省市自治区为例

本文基于我国30个省市自治区2013-2017年面板数据为样本,以北京大学互联网研究中心的数字普惠金融指数和以泰尔指数度量的城乡收入差距为核心解释变量和被解释变量,构建空间面板滞后模型(SAR)和空间面板杜宾模型(SDM)对数字普惠金融对城乡收入差距的空间效应进行回归分析,实证结果表明:本省市的城乡收入差距对相邻省市具有显著的正向空间溢出效应;数字普惠金融对本省市的城乡收入差距具有显著的缩小作用,同时对邻近省市的城乡收入差距也具有缩小作用。     

普惠金融对城乡收入差距的影响——基于产业结构的中介效应分析

本文基于2009-2019年省级面板数据,以产业结构为中介变量,实证考察普惠金融的城乡收入分配效应。研究发现:普惠金融有利于缩小城乡收入差距,产业结构在其中发挥部分中介效应;普惠金融对城乡工资性、经营性、转移性收入差距存在改善效应,对财产性收入差距存在扩大效应;金融支持“三农”和小微企业、金融数字化对城乡收入差距缩小具有积极影响,但对以金融服务网点密度等指标衡量的金融服务渗透性的影响效果则相反。     

A Study on the Effect of Financial Inclusion on the Relationship Between Income Inequality and Economic Growth

In this article, we attempt to estimate whether financial inclusion, expressed as financial accessibility, has a positive effect on reducing income inequality. Furthermore, we estimate the effect of such financial inclusion on economic growth by reducing income inequality. From the results of our empirical analysis, we can draw the following three conclusions. First, income inequality has a very negative effect on GDP growth. The negative relationship between income inequality and GDP growth is strong in low-income countries. In addition, income inequality has a stronger effect on reducing economic growth in high-fragility countries. Second, progressivity is not a major factor in reducing income inequality in low-income countries or in high-fragility countries. Finally, financial inclusion improves the relationship between income inequality and economic growth. The reduction in income inequality through financial inclusion changes the negative relationship between income inequality and economic growth into a positive relationship. This trend is stronger in high-fragility countries than in low-fragility countries.     

Fiscal incentives,financial support for agriculture,and urban-rural inequality

Urban-rural inequality is a significant social problem for developing countries in the process of economic development. Using regional-level panel data from 2004 to 2018, this paper estimates the effect of financial support for agriculture on the urban-rural income gap in China via a staggered difference-in-difference method. In 2009, the finance department issued a Notice on Launching the Pilot Work of Incremental Reward for Agricultural Loans by County Financial Institutions (IRAL) and established an incentive mechanism to leverage financial funds to guide and motivate county financial institutions to increase their investment in agriculture-related credit and support agricultural development. The results show that, through fiscal incentives, financial institutions have more incentives to increase agricultural loans and urban-rural income inequality significantly declined throughout the study data period, particularly in underdeveloped areas. We propose that this policy reduces urban-rural income inequality via three mechanisms: financial availability, shift of labor, and human capital. Furthermore, we also examined the effect of IRAL on the urban-rural consumption inequality, although no significant relationship was found.     

Capital account liberalization and income inequality

This article makes both a theoretical and an empirical contribution to the literature on financial liberalization and income inequality. In the first part, we develop a tractable model that features agents with varying investment abilities and a banking sector. There are two possible interventions to liberalize the banking sector: first, a reduction in reserve requirements, and, second, an increase in the amount of foreign funds that can be used to finance domestic loans. Financial liberalization leads to enhanced banking sector efficiency and adjustments in interest rates affecting income of investors and savers, and, therefore, income inequality. Theoretically, the impact of financial liberalization on income inequality is ambiguous. Yet, the model suggests that financial liberalization will improve income distribution in countries where financial depth is high. Our empirical estimates confirm this conditional effect. More precisely, the estimates suggest that capital account liberalization only tends to lower income inequality if the level of financial depth, as measured by private credit over GDP, exceeds 25 percent.     

Does Financial Openness Matter in the Relationship Between Financial Development and Income Distribution in Latin America?

This article examines the effect of financial development on income distribution by analyzing a sample of Latin American countries according to their degree of financial openness for the 1990–2011 period. The period includes the time before and after financial liberalization for most of the countries in the region. As the literature provides inconclusive results regarding the relationship between financial development and income inequality, we aim to determine whether financial openness plays a role in this relationship. Our results provide an explanation for why some countries regardless of their degree of financial openness cannot achieve a reduction in income inequality.     

The effect of financial repression and enforcement on entrepreneurship and economic development

A general equilibrium model with heterogeneous agents (with respect to wealth and ability) shows that differences across countries in intermediation costs and enforcement generate differences in occupational choice, firm size, credit, output and income inequality. Counterfactual experiments are performed for Latin American, European, transition and high growth Asian countries, with empirical estimates of each country's financial frictions and United States values for all other parameters. The results isolate the quantitative effect of these financial frictions in explaining the performance gap between each country and the United States, and depend critically on whether a general equilibrium factor price effect is operative.     

收入不平等、政府支出与实际汇率——基于跨国面板数据的研究

已有较多研究讨论了实际汇率的决定因素,而从收入不平等角度出发的研究并不多。本文搜集和整理了172个国家和地区1970年到2016年的跨国面板数据,分析了收入不平等对一国实际汇率的影响,并引入政府支出探究了收入分配对非贸易品部门和实际汇率的影响机制。实证检验结果表明,对于非OECD国家,收入不平等和实际汇率显著负相关,即收入越不平等,实际汇率高估越严重,而在OECD国家中这一现象并不存在。进一步的影响机制分析发现,对于非OECD国家,一国收入不平等加剧会导致该国政府支出增多,从而扩大了非贸易品部门规模,导致非贸易品的相对价格上升,使得实际汇率高估。     

农村金融机构、居民贷款可得性与城乡收入差距

本文基于银行网点设立和家庭信贷选择的视角,研究了新型农村金融机构和传统农村金融机构对城乡居民贷款可得性和城乡居民收入差距的异质性影响。根据我国2000—2018年县域经济、金融机构网点和CHIP2018家庭调查等数据,研究发现,新型农村金融机构表现出良好的支农支小效果,缓解了农村地区信贷约束,比较而言,传统农村金融机构的表现相对偏弱。具体来看,新型农村金融机构的网点扩张提高了农村居民的贷款可得性,进而有利于缩小城乡收入差距。本文研究为我国农村金融机构改革提供了一定参考。     

农村金融发展与城乡收入差距的因应：1978—2009

本文利用1978-2009年省际动态面板数据对农村金融发展与城乡收入差距的因应进行了实证分析。分析结果表明：前期的城乡收入差距对下一期的城乡收入差距具有明显的正向影响;以金融规模和金融效率衡量的农村金融发展水平的提高对缩小城乡收入差距具有积极作用;城镇化水平对城乡收入差距的缩小具有积极作用。     

收入差距对家庭旅游消费的影响研究——基于中介效应与面板门槛模型的分析

基于2014年、2016年、2018年三期CFPS数据，分析收入差距对家庭旅游消费的影响程度；并以家庭收入作为中介变量与门槛变量，探究收入差距对家庭旅游消费的作用机制。结果表明：收入差距扩大会抑制家庭旅游消费，收入差距以家庭收入为中介影响家庭旅游消费，收入差距与家庭旅游消费之间存在以家庭收入为门槛变量的双重门槛效应。因此，需要进一步优化收入分配结构、完善社会保障体系、改善居民消费结构，以推动家庭旅游消费规模和质量的提升。     

城乡金融非均衡发展对居民收入差距影响研究——基于中国1991-2015年的数据分析

基于中国1991-2015年数据,利用时间序列分析方法,考量城乡金融非均衡发展对居民收入差距的影响.结果表明:城乡金融规模、金融结构、金融效率差异以及城乡财政支持差异、非农产业结构水平与城乡居民收入差距存在长期稳定关系;城乡金融规模差异是直接引起城乡居民收入水平差异的格兰杰原因;城乡之间在金融规模、金融结构、金融效率方面存在差异,对城乡居民收入差距都有拉大的作用;短期内城乡金融结构差异作用明显,长期内金融效率差异作用较大,而金融规模差异、财政支持差异在长期和短期内都起作用,非农产业结构水平在长期内对城乡居民收入差距有很强的负作用.