大规模资本流入与“去工业化”北大核心

随着全球进入低利率时代,中心国家流动性泛滥导致的极端跨境资本流动事件频发。跨境资本的大规模流入在影响一国宏观经济波动和金融稳定的同时,是否会对其产业结构造成影响?本文搜集整理了154个国家和地区1980—2019年的跨国面板数据,将资本流动划分成常规时期和大规模流入时期,研究发现,常规时期跨境资本的流入不会对制造业比重造成影响,而在大规模资本流入时期,资本流入会显著降低一国的制造业比重,产生“去工业化”现象。进一步研究发现,大规模资本流入主要是通过财富效应渠道使居民消费上升,导致了非贸易品部门的扩张和贸易品部门的相对萎缩,并且无论是在OECD国家还是在非OECD国家,财富效应渠道的作用都是显著的。基于以上研究结论,本文发现,在大规模资本流入时期,加强资本管制能够有效地抑制非OECD国家的制造业比重下降幅度,对“去工业化”进程产生减缓作用。     

能源禀赋与实际汇率北大核心CSSCISSCI

在全球化进程中,能源问题一直是各国政治、经济关注的焦点。现有研究多关注能源价格与实际汇率的关系,而忽视了国家能源禀赋本身对实际汇率的影响。本文构建了包含能源禀赋要素的两国三部门开放经济模型,阐释了能源禀赋影响实际汇率的作用机制。在实证部分,对1991—2011年68个国家的数据进行面板回归分析,结果显示能源禀赋会对实际汇率产生显著影响。在控制其他变量影响的情况下,一国能源禀赋越充足,则本币实际汇率越高;反之,则越低。此外,本文还验证了实际汇率的巴拉萨-萨缪尔森效应假说。据此,当中国能源进口依赖度不断上升时,人民币应适当贬值。     

基于修正的广义货币模型的人民币汇率决定研究

本文在广义货币模型的基础上引入了贸易品与非贸易品占比来构建一国的汇率决定模型,利用中美两国的季度数据来进行实证分析。研究结果表明,长期内,相对收入水平的上升是造成人民币汇率升值的因素,而相对货币供给、相对利率水平以及相对贸易品与非贸易品占比的增加会导致汇率贬值;短期内,当汇率偏离均衡点时向量误差修正模型会促使其向均衡汇率移动,短期波动主要由自身造成,国名收入、利率水平、货币供给量和贸易品与非贸易品占比造成汇率波动的能力依次由高到低。本文的研究结论对于货币政策的制定和利率改革以及如何保持汇率稳定有着一定的启示意义。     

对实际汇率偏离购买力平价的博弈论解释

对实际汇率的研究一直沿着购买力平价以及对购买力平价的偏离展开.本文把贝特兰德的双头垄断博弈模型扩展到两国,从两国生产差异产品出发,建立实际汇率决定基本模型.根据模型分析,我们得到结论:在其他条件相同的情况下,本国产品对外国产品的替代性增强、本国产品的市场需求增加、本国产品的边际生产成本上升或本国提高进口关税,本国实际汇率将升值;提高本国非贸易品生产部门的要素生产率,本国实际汇率将会贬值.     

人民币实际均衡汇率：决定因素和协整检验

贸易条件、政府非贸易品支出、开放程度、技术进步、外国直接投资、利差、通胀率之差是人民币均衡实际汇率的长期决定因素。通过对这些决定因素的协整检验，得出人民币实际均衡汇率大于实际有效汇率，因此，人民币升值具有必然性。     

人民币实际汇率的决定性因素——“巴拉萨·萨谬尔森假说”的扩展与可计算一般均衡模型分析

要求人民币升值的国际压力部分是由于认为快速的经济增长应当与实际汇率升值相联系.这与"巴拉萨萨谬尔森假说"相关联,它认为贸易部门劳动生产率提高会引起非贸易部门的价格上涨.但人民币实际汇率没有显示出长期升值的趋势.本研究首先扩展"巴拉萨·萨谬尔森假说",并引入扩展的1-2-3(CGE)模型进行实证分析.主要结论在于:大量剩余劳动力的存在压低了中国的实际汇率,从而没有观察到"巴拉萨·萨谬尔森假说";如果更多的农村劳动力流向服务业部门,即非贸易品部门,实际汇率也将面临向下的压力.     

论汇率调整与其它经济政策的配合

汇率调整对国际收支、价格水平、产出水平、政府预算和收入分配等均能产生重要的影响。为了充分发挥汇率调整的积极作用,消除其消极影响,汇率调整必须同其他经济政策相配合。鉴于我国同其他发展中国家的典型情况是币值高估以及贬值基本上是升值的“镜中倒影”,因此,这里我们将讨论贬值和其他政策的配合问题。一、贬值和实际汇率的下降贬值提高进口的本币价格,将不可避免地引起国内价格水平的上涨。但贬值能否引起实际汇率(非贸易品对贸易品的相对价格)的下跌。     

实际汇率、公司利润与投资规模北大核心

本文构建了开放经济条件下的理论模型,对实际汇率如何影响公司利润和投资规模展开分析,并基于中国上市公司面板数据对实际汇率、公司利润与投资规模之间的作用路径进行了实证检验。研究发现,实际汇率变动对贸易部门和非贸易部门公司利润和盈利能力的影响具有异质性,实际汇率贬值会使贸易部门公司的利润显著增加。中介效应检验表明,实际汇率会通过作用于贸易部门公司的盈利状况进一步对其投资水平和资产规模产生同向影响。基于引入工资占比和金融摩擦的实证检验,本文探讨了实际汇率通过公司的实际工资支付影响其利润的作用机制,并验证了实际汇率影响公司投资规模的内部融资渠道,即实际汇率贬值会降低贸易部门公司的实际工资水平并推升利润收益,公司内部融资能力增强,投资和资产规模扩大。     

中国是否应该重启人民币升值?

从巴萨效应看人民币升值一个快速增长的发展中国家,其实际汇率应该呈不断上升的趋势,这就是国际经济学中著名的巴拉萨一萨缪尔森效应(简称巴萨效应)。简单将一国经济体分成可贸易部门和不可贸易部门,由于前者生产率的提高往往快于后者,所以非贸易     

人民币实际汇率决定性因素研究——“Balassa-Samuelson假说”的扩展与可计算一般均衡模型(CGE)的分析

要求人民币升值的国际压力部分来自快速的经济增长应当与实际汇率升值相联系的观点,这与"Balassa-samuelson假说"相关联,它认为贸易部门劳动生产率提高会引起非贸易部门的价格上涨,但人民币实际汇率没有显示出长期升值的趋势.本研究扩展了"Balassa-Samuelson假说",并引入扩展的1-2-3(CGE)模型进行实证分析.主要结论有:大量剩余劳动力的存在压低了中国的实际汇率,从而没有观察到"Balassa-samuelson假说";如果更多的农村劳动力流向服务业部门,即非贸易部门,实际汇率也将面临向下的压力.     

Exchange Rate Policy and Sovereign Bond Spreads in Developing Countries

This paper analyzes how exchange rate policy affects the issuance and pricing of sovereign bonds for developing countries. We find that countries with less flexible exchange rate regimes pay higher spreads and are less likely to issue bonds. Changing a free‐floating regime to a fixed regime decreases the likelihood of bond issuance by 5.5% and increases the spread by 88 basis points on average. Countries with real overvaluation have higher spreads and higher bond issuance probabilities. The effects of real overvaluation on sovereign bonds tend to be magnified for countries with fixed exchange rate regimes.     

Nominal exchange rate volatility,relative price volatility,and the real exchange rate

We model real exchange rate, nominal exchange rate, and relative price volatility using real and nominal factors. We analyze these volatility measures across developing and industrialized countries. We find that the inclusion of nominal factors achieves a sizable reduction in the real exchange rate volatility spread between developing and industrialized countries. In addition, we find that nominal factors matter to real exchange rate volatility in the short run and the long run, and that for developing countries, a higher share of real exchange rate volatility stems from relative price volatility.     

Foreign Aid, the Real Exchange Rate, and Economic Growth in the Aftermath of Civil Wars

Foreign aid, the real exchange rate (RER), and economic growthare three key variables that shape the aftermath of civil warsin many developing countries. Panel estimations drawn from asample of 39 conflict and 44 nonconflict countries between 1970and 2004 indicate that although postconflict countries receivelarger aid flows and exhibit moderate RER overvaluation afterpeace is attained, overvaluation cannot be traced to aid. Yetforeign aid is among the significant determinants of the equilibriumRER. Aid is also an important determinant of economic growth,particularly after peace is reached. Aid exhibits decreasingreturns, however, and interacts negatively with RER overvaluation.RER overvaluation reduces growth, but this effect is amelioratedby financial development. Postconflict policies should thereforeaim to use aid prudently, avoid RER misalignment, and supportfinancial and capital market development to achieve high andstable growth in the aftermath of war and beyond.     

人民币汇率与企业生产率变动--来自中国的经验证据

基于2000—2007年工业企业微观数据和高度细化的海关数据,本文深入考察了人民币实际有效汇率对中国制造业企业生产率的影响。结果显示:(1)人民币实际有效汇率升值对制造业企业生产率的净效应为正,其通过企业资本劳动要素配置效应、企业选择效应、规模经济效应以及人力资本提升效应对制造业企业的生产率提升产生了积极影响,并且上述结论在考虑了人民币实际有效汇率的内生性问题之后依然稳健;(2)人民币实际有效汇率对企业生产率的影响,因企业出口与否、贸易方式、技术水平和所有制的不同而具有显著的异质性;(3)作为人民币汇率影响企业生产率的制约因素,企业融资能力越强,人民币汇率升值对企业生产率的积极影响越大。     

贸易摩擦、宏观经济波动与经济开放程度的选择

本文构建一个包含关税冲击以及外汇风险溢价的两国开放经济DSGE模型,创新地揭示了关税冲击造成实际汇率波动的“直接效应”与“间接效应”,刻画了关税变动、贸易条件与实际汇率之间的动态关系与作用机制。我们深入分析了不同经济开放程度下贸易摩擦造成的宏观经济波动以及经济福利损失。模拟结果表明,在一定贸易开放程度下,外国加收关税一方面会导致本国贸易条件恶化,引发出口及产出下降;另一方面会导致本国汇率贬值,引发出口及产出增长。关税冲击发生后短期中汇率贬值效应占优,本国产出会出现小幅上升,随后贸易条件恶化效应逐步显现,产出持续下降。福利分析结果表明,本国适度提升贸易开放度,虽然经济福利损失会小幅上升,但福利损失增加幅度小于外国,会在贸易摩擦竞争中形成相对优势;如果本国过度提高贸易开放度,则会导致本国福利损失大幅增加,并且大于外国福利损失增幅,会在贸易摩擦竞争中形成相对劣势。因此,应适度逐步有序地提升贸易开放度。此外,本国适度推进资本账户开放的政策能够改善贸易条件,促进本国经济增长。     

How big (small?) are fiscal multipliers?

Contributing to the debate on the macroeconomic effects of fiscal stimuli, we show that the impact of government expenditure shocks depends crucially on key country characteristics, such as the level of development, exchange rate regime, openness to trade, and public indebtedness. Based on a novel quarterly dataset of government expenditure in 44 countries, we find that (i) the output effect of an increase in government consumption is larger in industrial than in developing countries; (ii) the fiscal multiplier is relatively large in economies operating under predetermined exchange rates but is zero in economies operating under flexible exchange rates; (iii) fiscal multipliers in open economies are smaller than in closed economies; (iv) fiscal multipliers in high-debt countries are negative.     

土地价格、土地财政与宏观经济波动

本文在一个包含金融加速器的新凯恩斯动态一般均衡模型中引入土地财政和政府隐性担保融资机制,借此考察在土地财政体制下土地价格的波动特征、驱动因素和对宏观经济的影响机制,同时使用2004Q1到2016Q1的中国宏观经济数据对模型进行贝叶斯估计。方差分解的结果表明,在样本期间,土地需求冲击、土地供给冲击和货币政策冲击是驱动中国土地价格变动的主要因素,货币政策冲击和土地供给冲击是引起短期土地价格波动的主要因素,土地需求冲击在长期中驱动了土地价格波动。数值模拟结果发现,土地财政对宏观经济波动具有放大效应,正向的土地需求冲击将推高土地价格,并通过抵押约束机制引起宏观经济波动,地方政府对土地财政的依赖将放大该效应,并进一步对土地价格形成正向反馈,从而引起宏观经济更大的波动;在土地财政体制下,正向的土地供给冲击有助于抑制土地价格上涨,并减少宏观经济波动。     

Can trade costs explain why exchange rate volatility does not feed into consumer prices?

If countries specialize in imperfectly substitutable goods, trade costs increase the share of expenditure devoted to domestic output, reducing the exposure of consumer price inflation to exchange rate changes. I present a multi-country flexible-price model where expenditure shares are inversely related to trade costs through a gravity equation. In this setting, consumer price inflation can be approximated as an expenditure-share-weighted average of the contributions to inflation from all countries. I use data from 24 OECD countries, 1970-2003, to estimate a structural gravity model. I combine the fitted expenditure shares from the estimation with actual data on exchange rates to construct predictions of inflation. The behavior of these predictions indicates that trade costs can explain both qualitatively and quantitatively the failure of exchange rate volatility to feed into inflation.     

Structural breaks in volatility: Evidence for the OECD and non-OECD real exchange rates

This paper attempts to determine whether or not nominal exchange rate regimes affect the volatility of bilateral and effective real exchange rates. To that end, we examine the real exchange rate behaviour for a set of OECD and non-OECD countries during the 1960–2006 period, therefore covering both the Bretton Woods system of fixed exchange rates and the adoption of generalised floating exchange rates from 1973. We make use of an econometric methodology based on the Hansen's (Hansen, B.E., 1997. Approximate asymptotic P values for structural-change tests. Journal of Business and Economic Statistics 15 (1), 60–67) approximation to the p-values of the supreme, exponential and average statistics developed by Andrews (Andrews, D., 1993. Test for parameter instability and structural change with unknown change point. Econometrica 61 (4), 821–856) and Andrews and Ploberger (Andrews, D., Ploberger, W., 1994. Optimal tests when a nuisance parameter is present only under the alternative. Econometrica 62 (6), 1383–1414). This methodology allows us to obtain a profile of p-values and to delimit periods of stability and instability in the variance of real exchange rates. Results suggest that there is clear evidence in favour of the non-neutrality of nominal exchange rate regime regarding real exchange rate volatility for developed countries, but not in the case of developing or emerging countries.     

Consumption,government spending,and the real exchange rate

Using panel structural VAR analysis and quarterly data from four industrialized countries, we document that an increase in government purchases raises output and private consumption, deteriorates the trade balance, and depreciates the real exchange rate. This pattern of comovement poses a puzzle for both neoclassical and Keynesian models. An explanation based on the deep-habit mechanism is proposed. An estimated two-country model with deep-habits is shown to replicate well the observed responses of output, consumption, and the trade balance, and the initial response of the real exchange rate to an estimated government spending shock.