收入不确定性、住宅权属选择与住宅特征需求-以家庭类型差异为视角的理论与实证分析

本文利用城市住户调查数据检验了收入不确定性对不同类型家庭住宅需求的影响。本文的主要发现是,在住宅权属选择方面,收入不确定性具有负的影响效应;社会经济地位较高的家庭更倾向于拥有住宅;而社会经济地位较低的家庭受到不确定性的冲击大于其他类型家庭。在住宅结构特征需求方面,社会经济地位高的家庭有更高的消费偏好,受不确定性的影响也相对较弱。而在住宅邻里特征需求方面,收入不确定性存在弱影响效应。     

损失规避与家庭储蓄行为:基于CHFS的经验证据

损失规避作为广泛存在于风险和非风险决策中的一种现象,近年来得到大量的讨论.本文利用中国家庭金融调查2011年的微观数据,首次探讨并验证损失规避在我国家庭层面的存在性及其对我国家庭消费-储蓄行为可能的影响.实证结果表明,我国家庭确实存在损失规避特征,家庭对正向和负向的收入冲击表现出不对称的储蓄行为.具体而言,当收入低于基准收入水平时,家庭进行储蓄的概率会显著降低,而当收入高于基准收入,家庭进行储蓄的概率则没有显著变化.因此,今后的研究要更加注重消费者的损失规避心理,以帮助人们更加有效地认识、预测及干预由损失规避造成的消费储蓄决策.     

简论收入分配差距在消费层面的表现

从我国居民消费与分配差距间实证关系、居民的消费倾向、年底人民币储蓄余额和最终消费支出等几个方面,表述了收入分配差距在消费层面存有不"和谐"因素.认为收入分配差距过大,对经济增长的影响主要表现在有效需求上,即当前我们所抓的国内需求上;而有效需求,尤其是有效需求中的消费需求,也从一个侧面体现着收入分配差距状况.     

收入分配与异质性消费结构——基于中等收入群体新测度

本文通过构建效用指数模型对中等收入群体进行测度,并据此将城镇家庭划分为低、中、高收入组,通过分析三类家庭储蓄消费动机,得出三类家庭消费结构异质性推论,以中国家庭金融调查数据库CHFS2013-2017年城镇家庭数据为基础,实证检验三类家庭消费结构差异,最后模拟收入分配变动对消费结构的影响.研究发现:(1)低收入家庭生存型和发展型消费倾向更高,生存型边际消费倾向平均约为中等收入家庭的1.8倍、高收入家庭的8.1倍,发展型边际消费倾向平均约为中等收入家庭的1.6倍、高收入家庭的3.1倍,其收入主要用于满足生存和发展所需;(2)中等收入家庭更注重享受型消费,享受型边际消费倾向平均约为低收入家庭的1.5倍、高收入家庭的4.5倍,其有能力追求更高层次的消费;(3)高收入家庭消费需求基本得到满足,各类消费倾向均较低;(4)模拟收入分配变动结果显示,"提低、扩中"均对消费结构升级具有显著促进作用,应充分考虑收入分配调节对消费结构的影响,重视中等收入群体规模扩大对消费结构升级的带动作用.     

我国过度储蓄的原因

我国的过度储蓄主要有三方面原因:(1)贫富差距过大引起的过度储蓄;(2)未来大额刚性支出引起的过度储蓄;(3)未来收入的不确定引起的过度储蓄。1.收入差距过大。根据霍布森的过度储蓄理论,如果收入或消费力的分配符合需要倾向,消费将随生产力的提高而提高。但在一个经济社会中,如果需要对分配并无固定性的关系,分配是由另外的条件来决定的,即有些人分配到的消费力大大超过需要或可能的用途,而其他人分配到的消费力甚至不足以满足体力的全部需要,就会产生过度储蓄。凯恩斯也认为,人们已经习惯了的生活水平的费用通常首先从他们的收入中扣除掉,…     

财富积累、习惯、偏好改变、不确定性与家庭消费决策

在本文中,我们建立了一个相当一般的分析家庭消费与储蓄跨期优化决策问题的理论框架。使用综合了家庭的当期消费、消费习惯、财富积累、偏好改变多种作用影响的效用函数,在家庭劳动收入具有不确定性的情况下,我们导出了家庭消费与储蓄跨期优化决策问题的闭式解,给出了家庭消费函数和欧拉方程的解析式。使用中国农村居民的住户调查数据对理论模型中导出的欧拉方程进行估计的结果表明,除了收入和家庭财富以外,消费习惯和预防性储蓄动机确实也都是影响我国农村居民家庭的消费与储蓄决策的重要因素。     

财富积累、习惯、偏好改变、不确定性与家庭消费决策

在本文中,我们建立了一个相当一般的分析家庭消费与储蓄跨期优化决策问题的理论框架。使用综合了家庭的当期消费、消费习惯、财富积累、偏好改变多种作用影响的效用函数,在家庭劳动收入具有不确定性的情况下,我们导出了家庭消费与储蓄跨期优化决策问题的闭式解,给出了家庭消费函数和欧拉方程的解析式。使用中国农村居民的住户调查数据对理论模型中导出的欧拉方程进行估计的结果表明,除了收入和家庭财富以外,消费习惯和预防性储蓄动机确实也都是影响我国农村居民家庭的消费与储蓄决策的重要因素。     

中国城乡家庭银行储蓄产品消费存量实证分析

一、问题的提出改 革开放以来 ,我国居民收入分配结构发生了巨大变化 ,个人部门在国民收入最终分配结构中的比重迅速提高 ,与此相适应 ,银行储蓄产品消费结构中城乡家庭对银行储蓄产品的消费占总消费的百分比 ,也从 1979年的 2 3 6 %上升为2 0 0 0年的 5 1 96 %。居民储蓄已成为社会资金的主要来源 ,同时也成为各家商业银行竟相争夺的客户资源。而竞争的有效利器是对客户有吸引力的服务和产品的提供 ,这又根源于对城乡家庭银行储蓄产品历史的分析。通过对家庭 ,这一中国银行储蓄产品需求主体力量进行分析 ,找到影响因素 ,明确其储蓄行为特点与偏好 ,为探索中国金融产品合理创新做一个理论铺垫。资源在当前消费和未来消费 (储蓄 )之间的分配 ,是一切经济所面临的基本选择之一。也就是说 ,储蓄是收入中未被消费的部分 ,它与消费息息相关 ,因而关于储蓄的决定也与消费的决定紧密联系。关于消费和储蓄决定理论 ,西方经济学界有许多人提出理论加以解释。凯恩斯之前的古典经济学家大多赞同如下观点 ,即储蓄与投资一样取决于利息率。而凯恩斯 ( 1933)则认为消费主要决定于人们的可支配收入 ,当人们的可支配收入增加时 ,其消费...     

我国储蓄存款利息所得税改革建议

1.努力提高中低收入群体的收入。提高中低收入群体的收入,尤其是采取多种方式提高农民收入,一方面,可以弱化储蓄存款利息所得税的收入效应,强化替代效应,进而促使居民增加现期消费和减少储蓄,降低目前超高的储蓄率,优化储蓄、投资和消费的关系;另一方面,有利于降低收入差距,提高边际消费倾向,缩小基尼系     

黑龙江省城乡一体化进程中城乡居民收入差距现状分析

在黑龙江省城乡一体化进程中,增加农民收入,缩小城乡居民差距,已成为必须面对和解决的重大课题。我们采用大量翔实的统计资料对黑龙江省城乡居民收入差距的现状及其发展趋势进行分析,从城乡居民收入构成、消费和储蓄差距等角度来考察黑龙江省城乡居民收入差距,找出该省城乡居民收入差距不断拉大的政策、经济、制度等方面的原因,为采取切实有效的措施,推进城镇化进程提供依据。     

Income inequality, consumption, and social-status seeking

Using the Chinese Urban Household Survey data between 1997 and 2006, we find that income inequality has a negative (positive) effect on household consumption net of education expenditures (savings) even after we control for household income. We argue that people save to improve their social status when social status is associated with pecuniary and non-pecuniary benefits. Rising income inequality can strengthen the incentives of status-seeking savings by increasing the benefit of improving status, and by enlarging the wealth level required for status upgrading. We also find that the negative effect of income inequality on consumption is stronger for poorer and younger people and that income inequality stimulates more education investment, which are consistent with the status-seeking hypothesis.     

Public policy,dynamic status preferences,and wealth inequality

This paper studies the effect of productive government spending (taxation) on aggregate savings behavior and its consequences for the dynamics of wealth inequality, taking into consideration key behavioral changes that occur during the process of economic development. Substantial empirical evidence suggests that during this process agents' preferences toward status (positional consumption) evolves according to the average wealth of the society. The sources of wealth include private capital and productive public capital, the latter financed by a distortionary income tax. This dynamic status effect impacts peoples' responses to tax policy in ways which contrast with those of the standard neoclassical model. Specifically, we find that in response to an increase in the income tax, in economies with a strong (weak) enough dynamic status effect, savings and inequality increase (decrease). Incorporating the behavioral changes to fiscal policy expands the set of mechanisms available to explain the observed variations of savings and wealth distribution dynamics that cannot be attributed to technological or other structural factors.     

收入不平等与家庭借贷行为*——家庭为追求社会地位而借贷的动机真的存在吗

本文利用中国家庭金融调查(CHFS)2011年度的调查数据,考察了收入不平等对家庭借贷行为的影响,并验证了家庭是否存在为追求社会地位而借贷的动机。研究表明：（1）收入不平等并不是影响家庭是否借贷的主要因素,但是对家庭的负债规模存在十分显著的抑制作用;（2）收入不平等的扩大并不会促使中低收入家庭寻求借贷或提升家庭负债规模,我国家庭并不存在为了追求更高的社会地位而进行借贷的动机;（3）收入不平等的扩大有利于高收入家庭获得更多的正规金融借贷,中低收入家庭则会较多地依赖于非正规金融借贷;（4）户主的人口统计学特征、家庭经济特征以及家庭所处地区特征均是影响家庭借贷行为的重要因素,在正规金融和非正规金融市场上,影响家庭借贷行为的因素存在较明显的差异。     

Fiscal Incidence in Ghana

We use methods developed by the Commitment to Equity Institute to assess the effects of government taxation, social spending and indirect subsidies on poverty and inequality in Ghana. We also simulate several policy reforms to assess their distributional consequences. Results show that, although the country has some very progressive taxes and well‐targeted expenditures, the extent of fiscal redistribution is small, but about what one would expect given Ghana's income level and relatively low initial inequality. Results for poverty reduction are less encouraging: were it not for the in‐kind benefits from health and education spending, the overall effect of government spending and taxation would actually increase poverty in Ghana. Eliminating energy subsidies and at the same time reallocating part of the savings to well‐targeted transfer programs could lower the fiscal deficit while reducing inequality and protecting the poor.     

TOP INCOMES AND NATIONAL SAVINGS

The relationship between income inequality and national savings is theoretically ambiguous, and past empirical studies have delivered mixed results. We revisit the question using a newly available source of data on inequality: the income share of the richest 10 percent and the richest 1 percent. Combining this with historical data on national savings rates, we are able to investigate the relationship for 11 developed countries over the period 1921–2002. We find no consistent relationship between lagged top income shares and current savings rates, and our standard errors are small enough that we are able to reject more than modest effects in either direction. We view this as suggesting that inequality at the top end of the distribution is not a major driver of national savings rates.     

Income, income inequality, and health: Evidence from China

This paper tests using survey data from China whether individual health is associated with income and community-level income inequality. Although poor health and high inequality are key features of many developing countries, most of the earlier literature has drawn on data from developed countries in studying the association between the two. We find that self-reported health status increases with per capita income, but at a decreasing rate. Controlling for per capita income, we find an inverted-U association between self-reported health status and income inequality, which suggests that high inequality in a community poses threats to health. We also find that high inequality increases the probability of health-compromising behavior such as smoking and alcohol consumption. Most of our findings are robust to different measures of health status and income inequality. Journal of Comparative Economics 34 (4) (2006) 668–693.     

收入、收入不均与健康:城乡差异和职业地位的影响

本文使用来自中国9个省的微观面板数据,检验了居民自评健康与家庭人均收入和社区内收入不均之间的相关关系。考虑到中国城乡分割的二元经济社会特征,本文将农村样本和城镇样本分开处理;考虑到中国的社会分层结构,计量方程中引入了代表职业地位的变量及其与收入和收入不均的交互项。在实证结果的基础上,本文讨论了收入、收入不均与健康关系的作用机制。主要结论是:收入与健康的关系、收入不均与健康的关系都存在城乡差异和职业差异,这说明在收入、收入不均与健康的关系中,社会经济地位的影响十分重要。要解决健康不平等问题,关键在于加强对社会经济地位较低者,主要是农村居民和生活在城镇的农民的医疗保障,同时要设法改善农村的基础设施和社会资本,并逐步取消各种造成城乡分割的制度。     

Measuring the Level and Inequality of Wealth: An Application to China

We construct and compare three distinct measures of household asset wealth that complement traditional income‐ or expenditure‐based measures of socioeconomic status. We apply these measures to longitudinal household survey data from China and demonstrate that household asset wealth has been increasing over time, a theme consistent with many previous studies on the process of development in China. Unlike other studies that have shown rising income inequality over time, however, we show that asset wealth inequality has actually been declining in recent years, indicating widespread participation in the benefits of economic reforms. Furthermore, the evolution in the cumulative distribution of household welfare is such that social welfare has been increasing with the passage of time, despite rising inequality in the early years of the survey.     

Household inequality, social welfare, and trade

Working with Sen social welfare functions (meaning explicit separability between mean income and income dispersion), we develop a generalized dual approach to tracking household inequality aspects of social welfare in general equilibrium. We highlight how household equity can be examined analytically alongside production efficiency in duality-based models, using our dual framework to explore potential trade-offs between efficiency and equity effects of trade policy. Our results complement the set of standard inequality results in trade theory focused on functional rather than household inequality. We also find that the relative distributional impact of tariffs on welfare is conditional on the initial level of inequality.     

A Model of Educational Investment,Social Concerns,and Inequality

We consider a model in which educational investments entail productivity gains, signaling power, and social status. The latter depends on the agent's relative achievement in one of three dimensions: innate skills, level of schooling, and income. We study the three scenarios separately and characterize the conditions under which social concerns increase or decrease educational and income inequality. Inequality increases (decreases) if education lowers the stigma suffered by low‐skilled workers less (more) than it boosts the prestige enjoyed by high‐skilled workers. We discuss the expected results of some policies in light of these findings.