政府公共支出绩效评价的经济学分析

政府公共支出绩效评价制度是西方发达国家政府公共管理的一项重要制度。近20年来西方国家政府通过实行绩效评价制度，在促进政府提高管理效率，充分发挥公共资源效能，增进社会对政府的公共支出的监督，改进政府形象，提高政府资金运作效率，公共部门信息的透明度等方面都发挥着重要作用。随着我国公共财政框架的逐步建立以及我国加入WTO外部环境的变化，如何运用政府公共支出绩效评价制度提高我国政府公共管理水平，是摆在我们面前的重要课题。     

科学发展观背景下的公共支出管理改革

考察我国现有的公共支出管理,存在着依托背景微观化、制度约束软化、支出结构不够优化以及绩效考评体系缺失等问题。改革的方向是在满足社会公共需要和使公共服务均等化的前提下,明确政府支出责任,改革预算编制,优化支出结构,提高支出效率,以及研究和解决逆向预算软约束问题。     

解析与构建公共支出绩效评价指标体系

公共支出绩效评价作为新公共支出管理的重要组成部分,其推行的难点在于如何用一套指标来科学度量公共支出的绩效,因为绩效的科学度量是保证公共支出绩效评价目标实现的重要前提。因此,如何选择度量绩效的指标也就成为公共支出绩效评价工作的核心和难点所在。根据公共支出绩效评价的特殊性,能全面有效度量一般公共支出绩效的指标体系应分两层:第一层次就是四类初始指标,即投入类指标、过程类指标、产出类指标和结果类指标;由于初始指标无法直接度量公共支出绩效,所以在这些初始指标的基础上又应构建第二层次的指标,也称终极指标,即效益性指标、效率性指标和有效性指标或称效力性指标。     

关于构建政府公共支出绩效评价体系的几点设想

市场经济条件下公共财政的理论与实践表明,在公共财政体制逐步建立以后,建立相应的政府公共支出绩效考评制度,是确保体制有效运行的重要管理措施。如何以科学发展观为指导,逐步建立起与公共财政相适应,以提高政府管理效能和公共资金使用效益为核心,以实现绩效预算为目标的科学、规范的政府公共支出绩效评价体系,成为未来几年我国财政体制改革的一项紧迫任务。文章从划分评价层次、完善评价制度、建立评价指标、明确评价体系、增强评价约束等方面,对构建具有中国特色的政府公共支出绩效评价体系给出相关建议。     

天然林保护工程绩效评价:现状、问题与研究展望

天然林保护工程实施绩效评价是优化工程宏观决策机制的基础.本文回顾了公共财政支出项目绩效评价的理论基础,天然林保护工程绩效评价研究现状、评价实践,分析天然林保护工程绩效评价研究和实践过程中存在的主要问题,提出了天然林保护工程绩效评价进一步研究的重点以及需要解决的机制问题.     

新公共管理理论在政府部门绩效管理中的应用

随着我国行政管理体制改革继续深化,政府行政模式逐渐由管制型向服务型转变,政府部门的工作需着力解决好群众最关心、最直接、最现实的利益问题,其工作绩效最终由服务对象来评判.因此,如何全面、客观、公正地评价政府部门工作绩效面临着较大的挑战.为顺应时代的发展,文章基于最先进的新公共管理理论来研究我国政府部门绩效评价中的系列问题.首次将目标管理、标杆管理、平衡计分卡、全面质量管理、弹性绩效框架、激励理论以及关键绩效指标等理论和方法应用于政府部门绩效管理,并论述具体应用思路.     

不完全信息条件下委托代理问题搏奕分析

一、引言 委托代理理论是现代经济学中很重要的理论问题,该理论研究特定经济关系的双方之间的动态博弈问题.委托代理关系是指一个人或一些人委托其他人根据委托人利益从事某些活动,并相应的授予代理人某些决策的契约关系.在委托代理框架下研究适合于代理人的激励机制也是现代企业理论特别是公司治理结构研究的前沿问题,也是企业管理实践中人们一直探索的重要内容.委托代理问题的产生是由于委托人和代理人的效用函数经常不一致、代理人和委托人之间存在着对工作的详细信息、代理人的能力的信息不对称,因此使得度量代理人业绩的成本昂贵.所以,除非委托人能有效地约束代理人,否则代理人做出的决策通常不是最优的,这就有可能产生机会主义行为.因此委托人怎样在缺乏全面严格监督的情况下,制定一套激励报酬机制,使代理人在为自己的利益努力的同时,能自愿地为委托人的利益效劳.这也就是本文所要讨论的问题.     

新公共管理运动对提高政府采购支出绩效的启示

以新公共管理运动为研究背景,在分析政府采购支出绩效评价发展的基础上,重点考察了新公共管理视角下政府采购支出绩效评价的主要特点,以及其对中国政府采购支出绩效管理若干有益启示。     

企业内部的委托代理关系研究

在企业人力资源管理中,如何使企业各类人员的能力水平、努力程度与其岗位职责相对应,从而提高资源配置效率的问题一直是学界探索的热点.笔者认为,企业内部的委托代理关系中的信息不对称是产生这一现象的根源,因而对代理人的能力水平的信息显露,以及对其努力程度施以有效的激励手段是解决这一问题的理性选择.     

中国政府采购的理论定位与管理制度改革

政府采购是一种公共性采购,通过政府采购加强公共支出管理,提高公共支出的效率,是政府采购的基本目标.中国自建立政府采购制度以来,取得的成绩是卓越的,同时也存在组织管理缺陷、信息支持缺陷和效果考核机制缺陷等问题.政府采取有利对策解决这些问题,是完善中国政府采购制度的迫切需要.     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

John Stuart Mill's Theory Of Justice

John Stuart Mill has traditionally been portrayed as self-contradictory and failing to construct a unified social theory. Recent scholarship, however, has challenged this view, finding Mill's work to be creatively synthetic in bridging the antinomies inherent in liberal democratic thought. This revisionist interpretation of Mill is advanced by an understanding of his theory of justice and its role in shaping his policy positions on issues such as welfare, education, voting rights, property rights, taxation, government intervention, and the future of capitalism.     

A Rich Vein for “Reality Mining”北大核心CSSCISSCI

Arik Hesseldahl In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, U.S. officials quickly turned their attention to other potential targets, including California's Golden Gate Bridge. What would happen if terrorists took down the bridge between San Francisco and Marin County? How much of the region would be affected and for how long?     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

Perspective on the Economic Evolution of the European Union States Under the Impact of the Pandemic and Financial-Economic Crisis

The European Union,which is at the beginning of its term of office for all Member States in the European Parliament,the European Commission,its governing body a...     

中国养活自己能力的长期预测:技术和政策分析

中国拥有世界五分之一强的人口 ,收入又在迅速增长。因此 ,国际上很自然地会考虑或推测她在今后的几十年是否有能力养活自己。中国的人口预计将从 2 0 0 0年的 1 2 8亿增长到 2 0 2 0年的 1 4 6亿 ,和 2 0 3 0年的 1 4 9亿。与此同时 ,人均收入的增长将导致对家畜和鱼类产品更大的需求 ,因而对饲料的需求也将有很大的增长     

John Stuart Mill's Theories of Wealth and Income Distribution

Although he was much influenced by David Ricardo when he wrote the classical part of his Principles , John Stuart Mill was not a Ricardian when he penned his theories of wealth and distribution. They are based on a triple foundation. First, a belief that economics is a moral discipline. Second a theory of custom-driven human behavior. Third, an empirically formed conviction that the institutions of state, education and business cooperate to structure the distribution of income. On the basis of these presuppositions, Mill formulated 1) an institutional theory of the formation of human and non-human wealth and 2) an even more institutional theory of distribution demonstrating how the aforementioned institutions malignantly skew the distribution of income to the advantage of the propertied classes and to the extreme disadvantage of the working class. As a social economist, Mill recommended institutional reforms designed to eradicate the poverty of the working class.     

Forecasting the price of gold

This article seeks to evaluate the appropriateness of a variety of existing forecasting techniques (17 methods) at providing accurate and statistically significant forecasts for gold price. We report the results from the nine most competitive techniques. Special consideration is given to the ability of these techniques to provide forecasts which outperforms the random walk (RW) as we noticed that certain multivariate models (which included prices of silver, platinum, palladium and rhodium, besides gold) were also unable to outperform the RW in this case. Interestingly, the results show that none of the forecasting techniques are able to outperform the RW at horizons of 1 and 9 steps ahead, and on average, the exponential smoothing model is seen providing the best forecasts in terms of the lowest root mean squared error over the 24-month forecasting horizons. Moreover, we find that the univariate models used in this article are able to outperform the Bayesian autoregression and Bayesian vector autoregressive models, with exponential smoothing reporting statistically significant results in comparison with the former models, and classical autoregressive and the vector autoregressive models in most cases.     

Toward a Phylogenetic Reconstruction of Organizational Life

Synopsis Classification is an important activity that facilitates theory development in many academic disciplines. Scholars in fields such as organizational science, management science and economics and have long recognized that classification offers an approach for ordering and understanding the diversity of organizational taxa (groups of one or more similar organizational entities). However, even the most prominent organizational classifications have limited utility, as they tend to be shaped by a specific research bias, inadequate units of analysis and a standard neoclassical economic view that does not naturally accommodate the disequilibrium dynamics of modern competition. The result is a relatively large number of individual and unconnected organizational classifications, which tend to ignore the processes of change responsible for organizational diversity. Collectively they fail to provide any sort of universal system for ordering, compiling and presenting knowledge on organizational diversity. This paper has two purposes. First, it reviews the general status of the major theoretical approaches to biological and organizational classification and compares the methods and resulting classifications derived from each approach. Definitions of key terms and a discussion on the three principal schools of biological classification (evolutionary systematics, phenetics and cladistics) are included in this review. Second, this paper aims to encourage critical thinking and debate about the use of the cladistic classification approach for inferring and representing the historical relationships underpinning organizational diversity. This involves examining the feasibility of applying the logic of common ancestry to populations of organizations. Consequently, this paper is exploratory and preparatory in style, with illustrations and assertions concerning the study and classification of organizational diversity.