发电侧电力市场构想

电力市场以发电商、输配电商、电力用户以及市场和系统的操作机构为主体。其特点是：主体之间的交易是通过电网这个市场载体而完成的。由于电力是无任何替代品的商品,电力生产发供用不可分割一次完成,发电企业与用户的交易必须通过电网进行,这就构成了电力行业的市场具有自然垄断属性。如何在这个自然垄断行业的发电侧引入竞争机制,建立发电侧竞争市场,是电力市场研究的重大课题和首要任务。 　　一、发电侧电力市场的基本结构 　　“厂网分开,竞价上网”的思路,确定了发电侧市场的基本结构 :市场的主体为若干个发电商和单一的电网经…     

控制成本提高效益--"量本利法"在发电企业的运用

随着电力体制改革的深入,厂网分开、竞价上网,电力市场的形成,对发电企业提升运营效益和控制与减少不合格电量,提出了更高要求。笔者结合四川电力市场运营规则,运用“量本利法”,对提高发电企业效益,提些粗浅建议。一、四川发电侧电力市场竞价规则及不合格电量考核办法简介1.发电侧电力市场竞价规则。(1)凡并入四川主网且装机容量在1万千瓦及以上的发电厂,均应加入省级发电侧市场。参予电力市场的发电厂必须与省公司签订供、购电协议,确定并网容量、上网方式等,同时还须签订并网调度协议,接受统一调度。(2)各电厂上网电量(核定年发电计划)确…     

电力市场引导用户主动改变用电行为实现多赢

<正>我国电力行业自改革以来，电力市场先后经历了1998年厂网分开竞价上网改革、2002年区域电力市场建设以及2015年新一轮电力市场化改革，目前正处于推进完善电力现货市场建设阶段，发电侧引入竞争比较充分，电力市场出清在一定程度上体现了反映供需关系的分时价格信号，有效实现了新能源消纳和高峰保供目的。但目前或出于稳定需求，或由于市场建设尚未成熟等因素影响，作为市场中不     

电力市场初期发电企业的竞价策略

随着国家电力体制改革的不断深入，电力市场建设的逐步推进，“竞价上网”已成为当前发电企业面临的重要课题。结合发电企业的实际和竞价上网的工作要求，探讨电力市场初期发电企业的竞价策略，并通过东北电力市场的案例来验证该策略的有效性是本文的重点。[编者按]     

电力期货与电力市场建设

价格发现，形成电力价格的市场化机制。理顺电价机制是电力体制改革的核心内容，但仅靠现货市场是无法完善电价机制的。在电力期货市场中，期货合约的组织是通过期货交易所采用公开竞价或者计算机撮合的方式进行的，交易双方都可根据自己的需要以及生产效益，申报所需电力期货的价格和数量。于是，电力消费者避免了以往电力交易中负荷侧被动地接受发电侧电力交易结果的现象，可以主动地根据电价的变化，灵活调整其电力需求量，并使电力市场的价格很好地反映电力商品的实际价值。     

电力市场竞价上网与管理体系

按照国家经贸委、国家电力公司的总体部署,黑龙江省电力有限公司,于1999年7月,进行了竞价上网的试点工作,2000年7月,对发电侧市场竞价规则进行了重新修订,同年8月正式开始了按日分时竞价运营,初步形成了黑龙江省电力市场运营基本框架和主体竞争格局.     

基于用户视角下的交易偏差电量考核

偏差电量电费处理是电力交易结算机制设计中的重点问题,本文结合国内现行主要电力交易模式,站在用户侧的角度讨论了偏差电量考核模式下长期协商市场和月度竞价市场中偏差电量对电力用户收益的影响。通过比较不同偏差电量下用户的盈利情况,讨论现行交易规则下考核规则的利弊。最后通过算例,验证了所提方法的有效性和实用性,为电力市场交易规则设计和电力市场分析提供参考。     

为竞价上网做好准备

新一轮电力体制改革即将实施，厂网分开、竞价上网，初步建立竞争、开放的区域电力市场，实行新的电价机制，是电力体制改革的重要任务之一。厂网分开、竞价上网，对于发电企业来讲，我认为应该着重从“竞价”方面做好企业内部条件准备，才能在电力市场化运作中取得主动权。一、对厂网分开、竞价上网的认识厂网分开、竞价上网是相辅相成的两个概念，是从不同角度、不同侧面分析研究电力体制改革的两个问题，厂网分开是解决电厂与电网经营机制问题，很大程度上取决于国家宏观政策；竞价上网是解决发电企业之间、发电企业与电网、与社会之间的…     

电力市场:双边交易与竞价交易

综观各国电力市场化改革进程,几乎都是先形成双边交易,再逐步开展竞价交易。在欧美一些较成熟的电力市场中,双边交易电量一般占总交易电量的50￣70%。我国在进行电力市场化改革初期,应该大力开展双边交易,积极推进竞价交易。在省内广泛开展电力双边交易;在区域内开展电力双边交易的同时,建立竞价交易市场,开展有助于维护电力供需平衡的竞价交易;对于具有能源战略层面意义的跨区域远距离电力电量交换,目前宜采用双边交易形式来实现。     

严控安全风险 加强规范运作

正冀北电力交易中心有限公司主要职责是组织开展冀北区内双边交易、挂牌交易、集中竞价交易、风电清洁供暖等各类电力交易,协助北京电力交易中心有限公司开展跨省电力交易业务,管理各类电力交易合同,提供结算依据和服务,开展冀北电力市场建设和规则的研究,提供咨询、培训等市场服务,披露和发布市场信息。交易公司作为金融前置许可机构,不但接受河北发改委和华     

Divergent patterns of engagement in Internet standardization: Japan,Korea and China

This article analyzes the engagement of Japanese, Korean and Chinese participants in the development of Internet standards at IETF on the basis of four quantitative metrics: attendance, patenting, authorship and leadership. The results are strikingly divergent. Japanese involvement in Internet standardization began early and Japan was, for many years, second only to the U.S. in terms of IETF participation. Though Japanese participation has declined since the early 2000s, Japan remains a major contributor to IETF standardization. Korean involvement in IETF has always been significant, but below the levels of Japan and major European countries. Korean participation in IETF has also declined over the past decade, and has been dominated by one firm, Samsung. Though meaningful Chinese involvement in IETF did not begin until the mid-2000s, it has rapidly expanded in recent years. Today, China is a major player in numerous areas of Internet standardization in terms of three metrics (participation, patenting and leadership), and is rapidly gaining in terms of document authorship as well. Most of China׳s recent IETF involvement can be attributed to Huawei, though other Chinese firms have recently begun to increase their participation in the organization. Thus, contrary to some views that China׳s engagement with standardization is primarily one of indigenous innovation and “catching up”, China׳s experience with IETF demonstrates deliberate and effective engagement with a major Western standards-development organization on its own terms.     

Comparing FTTH access networks based on P2P and PMP fibre topologies

There is an ongoing discussion in the market which Next Generation Access (NGA) architecture best suits future needs and which investment and cost differences exist. The discussion can be subsumed as P2P vs. GPON, which is somewhat misleading as this article reveals. The discussion is driven by the fact that the high capital cost and the long asset life time of fibre mean that the technology choices made today will dominate the opportunities for telecommunication business of all market players, incumbents, competitors, content providers and business and residential users for many years in the future.The paper analyzes the cost and other differences between Fibre-to-the-Home (FTTH) access network architectures and their related different wholesale approaches by using the well-known and understood steady state approach applied in other NGA analyses in the past. In addition to the steady state analysis a dynamic cost evaluation is included taking into account the different investment behaviour of the FTTH architectures over time. The results describe investment and cost differences between architectures, incumbents and wholesale based competitive operators. The analysis has been performed for different geotypes (clusters) of decreasing population density in a representative European settlement structure.     

Whose Image is it Anyway?: Some Considerations of the Curricular Importance of Subject Image in Secondary School Design and Technology Education

This paper explores the idea that a sense of school subject image is a necessary feature of curriculum management and a potent force for change. The discussion centres on the view that all school subjects have an image and that if those intimately involved with the subject do not control the image then someone else does! In such circumstances the image is the product of past encounters and old euphemisms and is unlikely to hold the changed realities.The UK developments in Design and Technology education (the term Design and Technology is used to denote the school subject defined under this heading by the UK National Curriculum, 1995) have created something of an image problem which has interesting international parallels. Some of these problems are due to clearly discernible internal tensions and an ambiguous relationship with other subject areas.Through greater attention to subject image internal controversies might be acknowledged and resolved, relationships with other subject areas can be more meaningfully understood and practitioners can be helped to make sense of curriculum change.     

Indigenous peoples’ nutrition transition in a right to food perspective

In indigenous communities the nutrition transition characterized by a rapid westernization of diet and lifestyle is associated with rising prevalence of chronic disease. Field work and literature reviews from two different policy environments, Argentina (Jujuy) and Canada (Nunavut), identified factors that add to indigenous peoples’ disease risk. The analytical framework was the emerging human right to adequate food approach to policies and programmes. Indigenous peoples’ chronic disease risk tends to increase as a result of government policies that infringe on indigenous peoples’ livelihoods and territories, undermining their economic system, values and solidarity networks. Policies intended to increase food security, including food aid, may also fuel the nutrition transition. There is a need to explore further the connection between well-intended policies towards indigenous peoples and the development of chronic diseases, and to broaden the understanding of the role that different forms of discrimination play in the westernization of their lifestyles, values and food habits. Food policies that take due account of indigenous peoples’ human rights, including their right to enjoy their culture, may counteract the growth of chronic disease in these communities.     

A strategic skill based model of supplier integration and its effect on supply management performance

Supplier integration is a tool to help organizations gain competitive advantage. Strategic supply management skills and the supply management function's perceived status are hypothesized as antecedents to supplier integration leading to supply management performance. The sample for this study includes 152 executive level supply management professionals. The empirical results suggest that strategic skills and perceived status are essential antecedents to supplier integration and subsequent performance. Further, the relationship between strategic skills and performance is mediated by supplier integration. Results of a dominance analysis also suggest which strategic skills are most likely to explain status integration, and performance. These findings have significant implications for supply management theory and practice.     

Cost allocation of WCDMA and wholesale pricing for mVoIP and data services

This study estimates cost-based prices for wholesale voice and data services provided to 3G (WCDMA) MVNOs according to their distinct types. For estimation, 3G MVNOs are classified into different types, and the overall cost of WCDMA facilities are separated into voice and data components based on their subscriber rates, actual traffic rates, as well as efficiency consideration of traffic rates. The study then calculates cost-based wholesale prices of voice and data services for each of the 3G MVNO types. The result of this study shows that a cost-plus pricing scheme can help achieve the policy goals of the regulator, namely, lowering telecommunications tariffs and facilitating the introduction of new convergent-type services, far more effectively than the current retail-minus pricing scheme. The findings of this study may assist firms in developing business models based on 3G networks and telecom regulators in designing policies related to interconnection, mVoIP, prepaid calls, wholesale services, and network neutrality.     

Collectivism,individualism, and outgroup cooperation in a segmented China

A consistent theme in cross-cultural management research is that collectivists are more cooperative than individualists. We use Hofstede's measure for individualism–collectivism and combine it with an experimental measure of cooperation to test this relationship in China. In contrast to the established paradigm, we find that groups with higher individualistic scores are more cooperative than those groups with higher collectivistic scores. We attribute these results to groups being composed of outgroup members. In addition, we find that subjects from the more developed coastal area are more individualistic and cooperative than are subjects from inland China.

面向对象的程序设计

用Ｃ＋ ＋ 语言阐述面向对象程序设计中封装和继承的概念以及在实际中怎样运用这些概念提高程序设计水平。     

电子产品的电磁兼容性设计

首先介绍电磁兼容性的基本概念与研究领域,然后重点阐述电子产品的电磁兼容性设计与测量。     

蒸汽热量计量应用的探析

研究了石油化工企业的燕汽计量情况,着重对蒸汽热量计量的合理性进行了分析,阐述了蒸汽热量计量的依据及计算方法,以及蒸气热量计量对节能降耗的重要意义.