International Interest Rates,Exchange Rates,and the Stochastic Structure of Supply

In a dual-currency, flexible exchange rate model, both nominal and real foreign exchange premia depend on investor risk attitudes, consumption parameters, and the stochastic structure of currency and commodity supplies. When supplies are random, their joint correlation structure determines the sign of the premia. If the money supplies are identically distributed, then all foreign exchange premia, regardless of the currency of denomination, are zero. A positive correlation between the value of a country's currency and its nominal interest rate need not indicate real interest rate movements. Relative bond prices can be negatively correlated with the terms of trade.     

Optimal exchange rate flexibility with large labor unions

We study the optimal volatility of the exchange rate in a two-country model with sectoral non-atomistic wage setters, non-traded goods, nominal rigidities and alternative pricing assumptions – producer or local currency pricing. Labor unions internalize the sectoral impact of their wage settlements through firms' labor demand. With local currency pricing, exchange rate depreciation raises sales revenue, which in turn boosts domestic consumption and labor demand. Unions anticipate this effect and set higher wages accordingly. With small unions and low wage markup, optimal monetary policy enhances exchange rate movements to improve its terms of trade. With large unions and high wage markup, optimal monetary policy curbs exchange rate movements to restrain inflationary wage demands and to stabilize employment.     

Two targets,two instruments: Monetary and exchange rate policies in emerging market economies

This paper examines the case for using two instruments—the policy interest rate and sterilized foreign exchange market intervention—in emerging market countries seeking to stabilize inflation and output while attenuating disequilibrium currency movements. We estimate policy reaction functions for central banks, documenting that indeed both instruments tend to be deployed. We show that whether discretionary monetary policy or inflation targeting is preferable depends on the volatility of shocks relative to the central bank's time inconsistency problem. The use of FX intervention as a second instrument improves welfare under both regimes, but more so under inflation targeting. Overall, a regime of (two-way) sterilized intervention-cum-inflation targeting can result in better outcomes in the presence of imperfect capital mobility/asset substitutability—yielding similar gains to a discretionary policy while still delivering the inflation target.     

关于人民币汇率弹性增强背景下完善银行资产负债管理的思考

随着我国调节国际收支效果的显现与人民币汇率形成机制市场化程度的不断提高,近年来人民币兑美元即期汇率走势曲折反复,人民币汇率逐渐向均衡水平靠拢,促使企业转变长期以来的汇率预期,着手修复自身资产负债货币错配。这一过程也给商业银行的资产负债货币结构带来显著变化,增加了商业银行本外币流动性管理和资产负债管理难度。对此,商业银行应通过完善自身资产负债管理方式,积极应对这一挑战。     

稳定国际货币体系

本文着重研究60年代的国际货币体系与当今盛行的国际货币体系之间的差异。60年代，美元是主要的储备货币，倘若政府不希望持有美元，唯一的选择便是从美国财政部购入黄金。今天，他们则可以以美元换手欧元。他们可能继续购入美元以避免其本国货币升值，但随即他们又会在外汇市场上出售美元，换回欧元。于是欧元汇率上升，由于外国对美国政府债务持有需求的降低，美元利率将会迅速上调。为避免上述情形的发生，下列两种创新方法可资借鉴：欧洲中央银行可创设一特别便利设施（a special facility）以满足人们对欧元的这种需求；中央银行把非意愿持有的美元存放于基金组织所管理倡导的便利设施中。建议一赋予了欧元主要国际储备货币的角色；建议二则将这一角色功能定位在特别提款权身上。它同时将避免日后美元与欧元货币问转换所造成的不稳定。     

发展中国家的货币错配与汇率制度选择困境

货币错配是诱发发展中国家货币金融危机的一个重要因素,也加大了危机的解决成本。货币错配问题的形成是内外因素双重作用的结果,长期实行的“软”钉住汇率制度是其中的一个重要原因。发展中国家普遍遇到了货币错配与汇率制度选择的两难困境,僵硬的汇率制度为货币错配风险的累积提供了正向激励,加深了货币错配,货币错配程度的加深强化了汇率制度的“浮动恐惧”,必须采取有效措施走出这个困境。     

An optimum-currency-area odyssey

The theory of optimum-currency-areas was conceived and developed in three highly influential papers, written by (Mundell, 1961) and (McKinnon, 1963) and Kenen (1969). Those authors identified characteristics that potential members of a monetary union should ideally possess in order to make it feasible to surrender a nationally-tailored monetary policy and the adjustment of an exchange rate of a national currency. We trace the development of optimum-currency-area theory, which, after a flurry of research into the subject in the 1960s, was relegated to intellectual purgatory for about 20 years. We then discuss factors that led to a renewed interest into the subject, beginning in the early 1990s. Milton Friedman plays a pivotal role in our narrative; Friedman's work on monetary integration in the early 1950s presaged subsequent optimum-currency-area contributions; Mundell's classic formulation of an optimal currency area was aimed, in part, at refuting Friedman's “strong” case for floating exchange rates; and Friedman's work on the role of monetary policy had the effect of helping to revive interest in optimum-currency-area analysis. The paper concludes with a discussion of recent analytical work, using New Keynesian models, which has the promise of fulfilling the unfinished agenda set-out by the original contributors to the optimum-currency-area literature, that is, providing a consistent framework in which a country's characteristics can be used to determine its optimal exchange-rate regime.     

Exchange Rate Changes and Inflation in Post‐Crisis Asian Economies: Vector Autoregression Analysis of the Exchange Rate Pass‐Through

Macro‐economic consequences of large currency depreciations among the crisis‐hit Asian economies varied from one country to another. Inflation did not soar after the Asian currency crisis of 1997–98 in most crisis‐hit countries except Indonesia where high inflation followed a very large nominal depreciation of the rupiah. The high inflation meant a loss of price competitive advantage, a key for economic recovery from a crisis. This paper examines the pass‐through effects of exchange rate changes on the domestic prices in the East Asian economies using a vector autoregression analysis. The main results are as follows: (i) the degree of exchange rate pass‐through to import prices was quite high in the crisis‐hit economies; (ii) the pass‐through to Consumer Price Index (CPI) was generally low, with a notable exception of Indonesia; and (iii) in Indonesia, both the impulse response of monetary policy variables to exchange rate shocks and that of CPI to monetary policy shocks were positive, large, and statistically significant. Thus, Indonesia's accommodative monetary policy, coupled with the high degree of CPI responsiveness to exchange rate changes was an important factor in the inflation‐depreciation spiral in the wake of the currency crisis.     

Knut wicksell's norm of price stabilization and Swedish monetary policy in the 1930's

This paper examines the conduct and the effects of Swedish monetary policy in the 1930's. Three major conclusions emerge from the study: (1) The conduct of monetary policy specifically the devaluation of the Swedish currency in 1931 and the subsequent program of price stabilization, had a major effect on the aggregative behavior of the Swedish economy in the 1930's. (2) The impact of the new fiscal policy was insignificant compared to the effects of monetary measures and international developments. (3) The framing of Swedish monetary policy in the 1930's was strongly influenced by Wicksell's norm of price stabilization and the recommendations of the old generation of monetary economists represented by Gustav Cassel and Eli Heckscher.     

人民币国际化进程中的风险防范

随着跨境人民币交易范围和数量的迅速扩大,人民币国际化进程加快。境内人民币与境外人民币之间如何建立“防火墙”,防范围际投机资本的攻击,成为亟待解决的问题。境外人民币流出入通过设立“外汇人民币”账户可以与境内人民币分离,便利对境外人民币的统计监测,区分和掌握人民币基础货币在境内和境外的分布状况和变动情况,起到预警作用,也便于货币政策的稳健运行。与之配套的措施是建立健全境外人民币清算体系,将“外汇人民币”纳入国际收支统计分析及外债统计管理范畴。     

Currency Competition: A Hayekian Perspective on International Monetary Integration

Currency internationalization is examined from the vantage point of Friedrich Hayek's contributions in the 1970s. Compared with received commentaries in which only an idealized case for private money is attributed to Hayek, this paper underscores other dimensions of Hayek's work on money and currency. Hayek's case for "choice in currency" draws on his theory of competition, anticipates competition between government suppliers of fiat money, accommodates many aspects of international monetary integration, and embodies a distinctive approach to monetary independence, choice of exchange rate regime, and the transnationalization of currency. Hayekian predictions are outlined for future developments in currency competition.     

人民币汇率变动对货币替代的影响分析

自2005年起人民币兑美元累计升幅已超过20％,2012年4月5日人民币中间报价6．3102再创新高。本文根据2008年以来的季度数据测算出人民币的货币替代率．分析中国货币替代程度及降低原因,同时结合Eviews5．0软件。就人民币汇率变动对货币替代现象进行计量分析。结果表明,长期内人民币增值会导致货币替代现象减少。但由于人们判断并做出一个理性决定时需要一个思考过程,且我国目前汇率很大程度上仍受货币当局控制。人们选择决定就会带有一定的滞后性,所以短期内人民币汇率变动对货币替代现象影响不会非常明显。     

利率市场化改革对于人民币汇率的影响

利率与汇率作为货币资金的对内价格和对外价格,二者具有统一的价值基础,并且相互影响,相互制约,共同在金融市场的资源配置中发挥着重要的作用。利率作为货币资金的对内价格,影响着居民及企业的支出和投资,利率的变化对整个金融市场乃至整个经济生活都有不容忽视的影响。汇率作为货币资金的对外价格,是开放经济条件下,外汇市场上的核心价格变量,受外汇市场、国际收支、跨国资产组合、外汇储备等因素影响。在一国宏观经济中,利率政策和汇率政策是货币政策的重要组成部分,也是一国宏观经济调控的主要政策手段。实际上,在宏观经济运行中,尤其是开放型经济,利率与汇率存在着复杂的关系,甚至有时还存在冲突。因此,对于利率与汇率在传导机制、价值基础、政策运用方面的相互关系的研究,将更有利于发挥货币政策的宏观调控效果。近年来,随着我国的改革开放逐步向纵深方向发展,利率的市场化改革也将进入攻坚阶段。当然,利率市场化改革将对整个金融体系及经济生活产生深远影响,但本文将研究重点放在利率与汇率的联动关系进而更好的研究利率市场化改革对于人民币汇率的影响。     

Currency boards, dollarized liabilities, and monetary policy credibility

The recent collapse of the Argentine currency board raises new questions about the desirability of formal fixed exchange rate regimes. This paper examines the relative performance of a currency board with costly abandonment in the presence of dollarized liabilities to a fully-discretionary regime. Our results demonstrate that neither regime necessarily dominates with only idiosyncratic firm shocks, but discretion unambiguously dominates with the addition of shocks to the dollar-euro rate. The relatively strong performance of the discretionary regime in this model stems from the benign impact of dollarized liabilities on the monetary authority’s time-inconsistency problem.     

Monetary policy, ‘dollarization,’ and parallel market exchange rates: The case of the Dominican Republic

Excessive money creation may give rise to inflation tax revenues and to a depreciation of the domestic currency. this in turn leads to a shift away from the domestic currency into a foreign currency (e.g., the US dollar, hence the term ‘dollarization’). From the domestic monetary authority's point of view, ‘dollarization’ is an unwelcomed phenomenomn, thus the monetary authorities will attempt to arrest the ‘dollarization’ phenomenon while maintaining the excessive money growth. This paper develops and tests a model which analyzes the effects of monetary policy on dollarization and the ‘parallel’ market exchange rates.     

Monetary information and monetary neutrality

The monetary theory of business fluctuations in market clearing models constructed under the rational expectations assumption — as advanced by Lucas and others — involves the idea that suppliers and demanders will typically misinterpret movements in the general level of prices as representing more or less favorable relative opportunities for real activities. The present paper examines the consequences of agents' possessing contemporaneous monetary information — of a potentially noisy variety — for the non-neutrality of unanticipated monetary events, within such an equilibrium business cycle model. This modification of the information structure has the strong testable implication that real activity will be uncorrelated with contemporaneous monetary data.     

Are global shocks leading indicators of currency crisis in Viet Nam?

This paper aims to identify leading indicators of a currency crisis in Viet Nam based on an early warning system for the period 1996–February 2016. This paper found that global financial shocks (e.g., regional and global financial crisis, unexpected changes in monetary policy of largest economies such as the United States and the People’s Republic of China), and domestic credit growth rate are leading indicators of a currency crisis in Viet Nam in all three models. Deficits in trade balance, international reserves, and overvaluation of the dong are also good indicators. In addition, a model in which a currency crisis or turbulence in the foreign exchange market is defined based on the exchange market pressure and parallel market premium, with window length of 2 months, outperformed for predicting a currency crisis in Viet Nam. Empirical results suggested that probability of predicting a true currency crisis was 77.5%.     

The effects of monetary policy shocks on exchange rates: Evidence from New Zealand and Australia

This study investigates the effect of monetary policy shocks in New Zealand and Australia on their respective exchange rates from 1985 to 1998 using vector autoregression methodology. The results show that monetary policy shocks do contribute to the variability of both exchange rates, but these movements are not always consistent with theory. In particular, there is little support for the overshooting hypothesis. Also the results show that the exchange rates do not always move in the direction normally anticipated, particularly for New Zealand. A contraction in monetary policy may lead to a depreciation of the domestic currency rather than an appreciation.     

Financial capital movements and central bank behavior in a two-country,short-run portfolio balance model

This paper analyzes financial capital movements in a two-country, short-run, portfolio balance model which includes two securities that are imperfect substitutes. Following a disturbance, equilibrium is, in general, reattained, but the effects on interest rates, money supplies, and international reserve holdings depend on the monetary and reserve asset management policies of the two central banks. Special attention is focused on the case in which one central bank holds its international reserves in the form of ‘key currency’ securities, thereby sterilizing for the ‘key currency’ country. There are several applications of the central result that, for any disturbance, the less changes in international reserves are allowed to affect money supplies, the larger the change in reserves required to reestablish equilibrium.     

The role of expectations in stabilization policy

This paper develops and tests a theory of the process by which private agents in an economy form expectations about government policy. Agents form and update their beliefs about the true state of government policy in a Bayesian fashion. The ‘credibility’ of a policy is defined to be the subjective probability that the government is pursuing a 'reform' policy rule. The ‘credibility’ of a reform of monetary or exchange rate policies is a function of the parameters of both monetary and fiscal policies. The theory is applied to the Chilean and Argentine exchange reforms of the late 1970's.