水平井地质导向技术在苏里格气田中的应用

苏里格气田苏53区块是典型的低渗、低压、低丰度岩性气藏,目的层储层为河流相沉积,非均质性强,储层预测难度大,钻遇泥岩不可避免。长期以来在苏里格地区,水平段钻遇泥岩给钻井施工带来极大困难,调整缺乏方向性,甚至部分井因钻遇泥岩段过长而导致钻井失败,为解决这一问题,依据河流相沉积模式,野外露头考察认识,结合近60口水平井钻探资料,对所钻遇泥岩进行分类研究,总结归纳出各类型泥岩特点,最后针对钻遇的各类泥岩特点,做出轨迹准确调整。利用该研究成果,在苏53区块水平井钻井实践过程中取得了良好效果,提高了储层钻遇率,有力保障水平井钻井成功率,同时也为同类气藏水平井随钻地质导向提供了有利的借鉴和指导作用。     

松散易碎岩心长久保存方法

岩心从井底取出在地面减压后,岩心很容易断裂解体,解体后呈块状岩心,形状参差不齐,大小不一,以致造成整体岩心解体,岩块位置错乱,结构不清,其中泥岩在加工过程中也易散、破碎,失去科学研究的意义。钻井取芯,每米岩芯费用昂贵,它是难得和宝贵的地质实物资料,它真实地反映出岩层的结构特征和矿物组成,若因无法加工出合格的岩芯样品,将无法测得岩层的物性参数,科技人员将无法有针对性地进行地层研究,其经济损失巨大。一般不怕水的岩芯,常采用自来水或盐水作为冷却液来加工样品。但是,对于泥质岩芯见水后会马上发生膨胀破碎,无法加工出符合要求的岩芯样品。目前,加工泥质岩芯样品有三种方法:①煤油钻取法,钻取泥岩样品时采用煤油作为冷却液,冷却钻取岩样过程中钻头产生的热量,以及携带钻取岩样时产生的岩屑。采用煤油作为冷却液有两点不足,一是样品上或样品裂缝中的煤油清理困难,二是煤油有一定的气味造成环境污染;②液氮冷冻钻取法,用液氮目的与上述相同,采用液氮有两点不足,一是液氮冷冻钻取法成本非常高,二是冷冻样品容易返霜吸水造成泥岩样品的损坏;③风冷钻取法,采用风冷钻取环境污染比较大,必须提供足够的风源。     

吉木萨尔油田页岩油水平井封堵防卡钻井液技术

吉木萨尔油田是新疆油田的重点开发区域,以芦草沟组页岩油水平井为主。钻井施工过程中,由于泥岩地层水敏性强易造成井壁掉块和坍塌,同时该组地层砂、泥岩厚度不均一,水平段较长且穿多套砂、泥岩层,易造成交接面起下钻困难,水平段钻进托压等复杂问题,严重制约了油田的有效开发。     

东濮凹陷文留老区侧钻井复杂处理与分析

文15-侧46井是东濮凹陷文留老区一口侧钻井,设计井深2367m,实钻井深2412m。该井实钻中沙二段钻遇未设计膏泥岩130m,导致井径扩大率较大,形成"糖葫芦"井眼,携砂困难,后期完井作业时该井段下钻遇阻、开泵困难、划眼困难(井段2190-2290m)。现场通过转换钻井液体系,提高钻井液密度及粘切,增加排量等技术措施,并细化复杂情况下的技术操作,该井顺利下入套管并固井合格后交井。     

东海西湖凹陷区块井壁稳定认识及实践应用

东海西湖凹陷区块井壁失稳极易造成钻井遇阻、卡钻、井漏等情况,严重影响钻井安全和钻井时效。对区块的井壁稳定进行了研究和原因分析,研究发现该区块的井壁失稳主要为泥岩水化分散失稳、砂、泥岩互层失稳、煤层失稳。根据不同的失稳机理,提出了相应的技术措施,并进行了现场尝试和不断的改进。从应用效果来看,反渗透钻井液体系能够阻止地层中泥质物水化分散,减少进入地层的自由水量,效果良好,值得开展更多的尝试。     

中原油田文284侧钻井喷漏的处理

中原油田文284井位于东濮凹陷中央隆起带文留构造文38块,该井前期大修堵水施工,为改善井网的注水井要求侧钻,在侧钻过程中一直出水,最高关井压力13MPa,放水压力达到6 MPa,施工过程中由于出水而导致泥岩蠕变造成缩径卡钻多次,掉渣掉块严重,并且同时出现井漏问题,给侧钻施工造成极大风险,根据该井出水情况,井漏情况,研究了切实可行施工方案,保证了正常钻进完井,仅以个人总结不足经验,以供广大同行参考!     

EVOLUTION类油基钻井液在美15x井的试验应用

针对福山油田流二段泥岩具有水敏性、硬脆易裂的特性,在美15x井试验应用EVOLUTION类油基钻井液。该钻井液体系具有抑制性强、润滑性和触变性好、储层保护效果佳、环保效果卓越等优点。美15x井三开采用类油基体系钻涠洲组、流沙港组一、二、三段,通过调整K+含量增强钻井液抑制性和稳定井壁的能力。实钻表明:流二段泥岩主要以物理应力垮塌为主,若钻进流二段地层之前,合理提高钻井液密度,有利于抑制垮塌,提高储层保护效果;同时类油基钻井液良好的润滑性和触变性,能够有效地降低压耗和激动压力,提高水马力利用率,增强破岩效率,提高机械钻速。     

井眼质量改善工艺及偏心扩眼器的应用

规则、平滑的井眼状态以及较大的套管与裸眼尺寸间隙,能较好地保证整个钻井工程中的起下钻、下套管、固井作业的安全顺利。随着渤海油田调整井的深入进行,大斜度井、大位移井等数量剧增,这给钻井作业带来井下安全的考验,基于上述情况,渤海油田尝试采用扩眼技术。通过对近年来引入的机械偏心式随钻扩眼器结构、原理的介绍,以渤海油田某区域为例,进行应用分析、对比得出实际效果。指出,该工具对清除岩屑床、消除局部狗腿严重度、砂泥岩交接台阶等有较好的效果,同时将原井眼整体扩眼,有利于起下钻、电测以及下套管作业的顺利进行。     

高携带封堵钻井液技术在草20区块的应用

胜利油田草20区块水平井以往钻井施工中经常出现起钻遇卡、拔活塞,憋泵甚至卡钻等井下复杂情况,导致钻井周期延长,通过优选高携带复合封堵抑制钻井液技术获得了高动塑比钻井液流型、良好的封堵性和抑制性,采用合理的钻具结构及必要的工程措施,解决了草20区块上部地层泥岩水化膨胀导致井眼出现缩径、馆陶组含有多套砾石层坍塌掉块、玄武岩上下地层砾石脱落堆积易发生卡钻的难题,保证了钻井施工顺利,缩短了钻井周期,降低了钻井成本。     

顺北工区长裸眼井壁稳定分析及对策

顺北工区平均井深超过7500m,钻遇第四系至奥陶系全序列地层。长裸眼井段不同压力系数地层共存,三叠系、石炭系、志留系地层砂泥岩互层发育,极易剥落掉块、垮塌扩径,引起阻卡。本文主要对井壁失稳的机理进行归纳总结,通过室内优选防塌抑制剂组合,优化聚磺钻井液体系配方,针对不同井段的井壁稳定提出相对应的抑制、封堵措施,确保施工安全顺利。     

增强Linux系统安全性的措施

L inux系统的安全取决于系统管理员如何来管理它。本文探讨了一系列可以增强安全性的技巧与策略 ,包括 :系统安装原则、BIOS安全、口令安全策略、设计帐户自动注销功能、文件系统和日志安全策略、使用 SSH及 TCP-WRAPPERS,隐藏系统信息、删除所有特殊帐户、关闭控制台程序、限制系统中的 SUID/ SGID程序等。本文最后向 L inux系统管理员提出了一些安全管理方面的建议     

CIS与现代企业管理美学

概括性介绍了 ＣＩＳ（Ｃｏｒｐｏｒａｔｅ Ｉｄｅｎｔｉｔｙ Ｓｙｓｔｅｍ）的三大基本组成，并阐述了它与现代企业管理密不可分的相互联系及所处的举足轻重的地位，指出导入ＣＩＳ是现代企业谋求发展的重要手段。     

Divergent patterns of engagement in Internet standardization: Japan,Korea and China

This article analyzes the engagement of Japanese, Korean and Chinese participants in the development of Internet standards at IETF on the basis of four quantitative metrics: attendance, patenting, authorship and leadership. The results are strikingly divergent. Japanese involvement in Internet standardization began early and Japan was, for many years, second only to the U.S. in terms of IETF participation. Though Japanese participation has declined since the early 2000s, Japan remains a major contributor to IETF standardization. Korean involvement in IETF has always been significant, but below the levels of Japan and major European countries. Korean participation in IETF has also declined over the past decade, and has been dominated by one firm, Samsung. Though meaningful Chinese involvement in IETF did not begin until the mid-2000s, it has rapidly expanded in recent years. Today, China is a major player in numerous areas of Internet standardization in terms of three metrics (participation, patenting and leadership), and is rapidly gaining in terms of document authorship as well. Most of China׳s recent IETF involvement can be attributed to Huawei, though other Chinese firms have recently begun to increase their participation in the organization. Thus, contrary to some views that China׳s engagement with standardization is primarily one of indigenous innovation and “catching up”, China׳s experience with IETF demonstrates deliberate and effective engagement with a major Western standards-development organization on its own terms.     

Comparing FTTH access networks based on P2P and PMP fibre topologies

There is an ongoing discussion in the market which Next Generation Access (NGA) architecture best suits future needs and which investment and cost differences exist. The discussion can be subsumed as P2P vs. GPON, which is somewhat misleading as this article reveals. The discussion is driven by the fact that the high capital cost and the long asset life time of fibre mean that the technology choices made today will dominate the opportunities for telecommunication business of all market players, incumbents, competitors, content providers and business and residential users for many years in the future.The paper analyzes the cost and other differences between Fibre-to-the-Home (FTTH) access network architectures and their related different wholesale approaches by using the well-known and understood steady state approach applied in other NGA analyses in the past. In addition to the steady state analysis a dynamic cost evaluation is included taking into account the different investment behaviour of the FTTH architectures over time. The results describe investment and cost differences between architectures, incumbents and wholesale based competitive operators. The analysis has been performed for different geotypes (clusters) of decreasing population density in a representative European settlement structure.     

快速成形技术的应用及热点分析

基于快速成形技术的原理,展示了快速成形技术在快速模具制造、金属零件直接成形、反求工程等领域的广泛应用,总结了快速成形制造技术研究的热点,即研发新材料和新设备、提高成形精度、建立RPM的反求工程系统、建立成形技术的统一标准和扩大成形技术的应用领域。     

Whose Image is it Anyway?: Some Considerations of the Curricular Importance of Subject Image in Secondary School Design and Technology Education

This paper explores the idea that a sense of school subject image is a necessary feature of curriculum management and a potent force for change. The discussion centres on the view that all school subjects have an image and that if those intimately involved with the subject do not control the image then someone else does! In such circumstances the image is the product of past encounters and old euphemisms and is unlikely to hold the changed realities.The UK developments in Design and Technology education (the term Design and Technology is used to denote the school subject defined under this heading by the UK National Curriculum, 1995) have created something of an image problem which has interesting international parallels. Some of these problems are due to clearly discernible internal tensions and an ambiguous relationship with other subject areas.Through greater attention to subject image internal controversies might be acknowledged and resolved, relationships with other subject areas can be more meaningfully understood and practitioners can be helped to make sense of curriculum change.     

Diffusion and usage of public e-services in Europe: An assessment of country level indicators and drivers

We analyze the state of the art of indicators on e-government, e-health, e-procurement and e-participation. We survey the main methodological properties of these indicators, and highlight their heuristic potential. Further, we address empirically the issue of the explanation of the availability scores, i.e. how the supply of the various e-services in each country is affected by political, institutional and socio-economic differences, and is followed by actual usage. The econometric analysis uncovers the importance of broadband penetration and higher education as drivers for most of the types of e-services and users (citizens and businesses). Moreover, a corruption-free and agile public sector proves to be an important pre-condition for more effective supply and usage. Despite data limitations and the complexity of the underlying diffusion phenomena, our study is the first truly longitudinal contribution aimed at disentangling the common drivers of such an important phenomenon – the e-services availability and usage across European countries. As such, this work appears useful to inform the policy debate and practice, in a phase characterized by a prospective reorientation of the public e-services provision and policy agenda.     

一种高精度的频率标准比对系统

频率标准源可以提供精确的标准频率,在测定频率标准源的各项性能指标时,要求测试系统必须具有很高的比对精度。所设计的频率标准比对系统采取多级倍频 混频方式使频率偏差逐级扩大后再测量,从而避免了直接进行高次倍频的困难,提高了测量精度,可以对高精度的频率标准的准确度、长短期频率稳定度进行快速测量,是一种高精度时畴参数测量系统。     

Indigenous peoples’ nutrition transition in a right to food perspective

In indigenous communities the nutrition transition characterized by a rapid westernization of diet and lifestyle is associated with rising prevalence of chronic disease. Field work and literature reviews from two different policy environments, Argentina (Jujuy) and Canada (Nunavut), identified factors that add to indigenous peoples’ disease risk. The analytical framework was the emerging human right to adequate food approach to policies and programmes. Indigenous peoples’ chronic disease risk tends to increase as a result of government policies that infringe on indigenous peoples’ livelihoods and territories, undermining their economic system, values and solidarity networks. Policies intended to increase food security, including food aid, may also fuel the nutrition transition. There is a need to explore further the connection between well-intended policies towards indigenous peoples and the development of chronic diseases, and to broaden the understanding of the role that different forms of discrimination play in the westernization of their lifestyles, values and food habits. Food policies that take due account of indigenous peoples’ human rights, including their right to enjoy their culture, may counteract the growth of chronic disease in these communities.     

HSE走进中国石油

企业管理水平的好坏直接影响着企业的经济效益,运用HSE管理能提高企业管理水平,HSE管理模式将健康,安全,环境三者视为一个有机的整体。HSE管理认为人的安全是第一位的,人是创造财富的原动力,是企业的最大财产,HSE管理体系强调的是“蝴蝶效应”。