正交试验法优选黄芪西洋参口服液提取工艺的研究

目的 优选黄芪西洋参口服液的最佳提取工艺条件.方法 以总皂苷含量为指标,对影响提取的重要因素 A 加水量,B 提取次数,C 提取时间进行 L9(34)正交试验设计.结果 与结论最佳提取工艺为药材加 6 倍量水,提取 2 次,提取 1.5h/次,优选得到的工艺稳定可行.     

响应面法优化地花活络酒的制备工艺

目的 采用Box-Behnken响应面法优选地花活络酒的制备工艺。方法 以总固体物量为评价指标,在单因素试验基础上,进行三因素三水平的响应面试验,考察浸泡时间、搅拌次数、药材粉碎粒度3个因素对总固体物量的影响。结果 确定地花活络酒的最佳提取工艺参数为：浸泡时间40 d,把药材粉碎为粗粉,每10天搅拌4次。在此工艺条件下,总固体物量为1.232 0 g,与理论预测值1.237 0 g相比,其相对误差约为0.404 2%。结论 本研究优选的工艺简便易行,精确度良好,可用于地花活络酒的制备生产。     

消化颗粒的制备工艺分析及应用

目的探讨消化颗粒的制备工艺。方法以选用颗粒载药量为指标,对消化颗粒的制备工艺进行优选。结果将药材提取2次,分别为30min及20min,加8倍量水;浓缩浸膏至45%水分,加15.0ml乙醇制粒为最佳工艺条件。结论本实验筛选出了消化颗粒的最佳制备工艺,符合《中国药典》要求。     

止咳祛痰灵颗粒剂的制备工艺研究

目的探讨止咳祛痰灵颗粒剂的制备工艺。方法以选用颗粒载药量为指标,对止咳祛痰灵颗粒剂的制备工艺进行优选。结果将药材提取2次,分别为30min及20min,加8倍量水;浓缩浸膏至45%水分,加15.0ml 95%乙醇制粒为最佳工艺条件。结论本实验筛选出了止咳祛痰灵的最佳制备工艺,符合《中国药典》要求。     

超声法提取山楂果实中总黄酮的工艺研究

目的建立超声法提取山楂果实总黄酮的最佳提取工艺。方法以总黄酮收率为指标,正交设计法优化山楂总黄酮的提取工艺。结果最佳超声提取工艺:乙醇浓度为70%,料液比为1:20,超声提取时间为40min,提取率3.85%。结论该方法可用于山楂总黄酮的提取,提取方法简单易行、提取时间短、效率高。     

正交试验法优选银杏叶提取条件

目的采用正交试验法优选银杏叶破碎提取的最佳条件。方法考察溶剂用量、乙醇浓度和提取时间3个因素,每个因素选取3个水平进行实验。结果与结论最佳工艺为A3B3C3,即用10倍量70%乙醇破碎提取2次,时间为3min,优选得到的工艺稳定可行。     

正交试验法优选银杏叶提取条件※

目的采用正交试验法优选银杏叶破碎提取的最佳条件.方法考察溶剂用量、乙醇浓度和提取时间3个因素,每个因素选取3个水平进行实验.结果与结论最佳工艺为A3B3C3,即用10倍量70%乙醇破碎提取2次,时间为3min,优选得到的工艺稳定可行.     

紫草油搽剂的制备工艺及质量评价

目的 优化紫草油搽剂的制备工艺,并对其质量进行评价。方法 在单因素试验的基础上,以浸泡时间、药材粉碎度、提取次数为考察因素,羟基萘醌总色素的含量为评价指标,采用正交设计试验对紫草油搽剂的制备工艺进行优化。结果 紫草油搽剂的最佳制备工艺为225 ml山茶油浸泡原药材,浸泡两次,共浸泡5 d;紫草油搽剂均匀、稳定,3批样品中羟基萘醌总色素平均含量为61.17mg/g。结论 优化的紫草油搽剂制备工艺简单可行,易操作,制得的紫草油搽剂质量均匀、稳定,可为下一步研究奠定基础。     

木棉叶总黄酮的提取工艺优化研究

目的确定木棉叶总黄酮的最佳提取工艺条件。方法采用分光光度法,以槲皮素为标准品测定木棉叶中的总黄酮含量,在单因素实验的基础上通过正交实验对木棉叶总黄酮提取工艺条件进行优化。结果确定木棉叶总黄酮的最佳提取工艺为取70目的药材加入20倍量的80%乙醇回流1h,该提取工艺的总黄酮得率为25.172mg/g。结论本提取工艺具有简单、可靠、准确的特点,可作为木棉叶总黄酮的最佳提取工艺。     

银杏外种皮中银杏酸的提取工艺研究

文章采用正交试验法研究银杏外种皮提取率、外种皮中银杏酸提取工艺。研究结果表明：提取率（％）最佳工艺为A382C1,即70℃时60％乙醇提取2次,每次1-5h,提取率（％）达46．30％。银杏酸（％）最佳工艺为A382C1,即70℃时60%乙醇提取2次,每次1．5h,RP-HPLC法测得银杏酸（％）为7．852％。乙醇浓度对提取率（％）和银杏酸（％）均有显著性影响,应加以控制。     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

John Stuart Mill's Theory Of Justice

John Stuart Mill has traditionally been portrayed as self-contradictory and failing to construct a unified social theory. Recent scholarship, however, has challenged this view, finding Mill's work to be creatively synthetic in bridging the antinomies inherent in liberal democratic thought. This revisionist interpretation of Mill is advanced by an understanding of his theory of justice and its role in shaping his policy positions on issues such as welfare, education, voting rights, property rights, taxation, government intervention, and the future of capitalism.     

A Rich Vein for “Reality Mining”北大核心CSSCISSCI

Arik Hesseldahl In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, U.S. officials quickly turned their attention to other potential targets, including California's Golden Gate Bridge. What would happen if terrorists took down the bridge between San Francisco and Marin County? How much of the region would be affected and for how long?     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

Perspective on the Economic Evolution of the European Union States Under the Impact of the Pandemic and Financial-Economic Crisis

The European Union,which is at the beginning of its term of office for all Member States in the European Parliament,the European Commission,its governing body a...     

中国养活自己能力的长期预测:技术和政策分析

中国拥有世界五分之一强的人口 ,收入又在迅速增长。因此 ,国际上很自然地会考虑或推测她在今后的几十年是否有能力养活自己。中国的人口预计将从 2 0 0 0年的 1 2 8亿增长到 2 0 2 0年的 1 4 6亿 ,和 2 0 3 0年的 1 4 9亿。与此同时 ,人均收入的增长将导致对家畜和鱼类产品更大的需求 ,因而对饲料的需求也将有很大的增长     

John Stuart Mill's Theories of Wealth and Income Distribution

Although he was much influenced by David Ricardo when he wrote the classical part of his Principles , John Stuart Mill was not a Ricardian when he penned his theories of wealth and distribution. They are based on a triple foundation. First, a belief that economics is a moral discipline. Second a theory of custom-driven human behavior. Third, an empirically formed conviction that the institutions of state, education and business cooperate to structure the distribution of income. On the basis of these presuppositions, Mill formulated 1) an institutional theory of the formation of human and non-human wealth and 2) an even more institutional theory of distribution demonstrating how the aforementioned institutions malignantly skew the distribution of income to the advantage of the propertied classes and to the extreme disadvantage of the working class. As a social economist, Mill recommended institutional reforms designed to eradicate the poverty of the working class.     

Forecasting the price of gold

This article seeks to evaluate the appropriateness of a variety of existing forecasting techniques (17 methods) at providing accurate and statistically significant forecasts for gold price. We report the results from the nine most competitive techniques. Special consideration is given to the ability of these techniques to provide forecasts which outperforms the random walk (RW) as we noticed that certain multivariate models (which included prices of silver, platinum, palladium and rhodium, besides gold) were also unable to outperform the RW in this case. Interestingly, the results show that none of the forecasting techniques are able to outperform the RW at horizons of 1 and 9 steps ahead, and on average, the exponential smoothing model is seen providing the best forecasts in terms of the lowest root mean squared error over the 24-month forecasting horizons. Moreover, we find that the univariate models used in this article are able to outperform the Bayesian autoregression and Bayesian vector autoregressive models, with exponential smoothing reporting statistically significant results in comparison with the former models, and classical autoregressive and the vector autoregressive models in most cases.     

Toward a Phylogenetic Reconstruction of Organizational Life

Synopsis Classification is an important activity that facilitates theory development in many academic disciplines. Scholars in fields such as organizational science, management science and economics and have long recognized that classification offers an approach for ordering and understanding the diversity of organizational taxa (groups of one or more similar organizational entities). However, even the most prominent organizational classifications have limited utility, as they tend to be shaped by a specific research bias, inadequate units of analysis and a standard neoclassical economic view that does not naturally accommodate the disequilibrium dynamics of modern competition. The result is a relatively large number of individual and unconnected organizational classifications, which tend to ignore the processes of change responsible for organizational diversity. Collectively they fail to provide any sort of universal system for ordering, compiling and presenting knowledge on organizational diversity. This paper has two purposes. First, it reviews the general status of the major theoretical approaches to biological and organizational classification and compares the methods and resulting classifications derived from each approach. Definitions of key terms and a discussion on the three principal schools of biological classification (evolutionary systematics, phenetics and cladistics) are included in this review. Second, this paper aims to encourage critical thinking and debate about the use of the cladistic classification approach for inferring and representing the historical relationships underpinning organizational diversity. This involves examining the feasibility of applying the logic of common ancestry to populations of organizations. Consequently, this paper is exploratory and preparatory in style, with illustrations and assertions concerning the study and classification of organizational diversity.