西方经济学视野中的“和谐社会”

古典自由主义、新自由主义经济学从“经济人”假设出发，迷信市场机制万能，认为只有自由市场经济才是和谐社会经济。国家干预主义经济学认为仅仅依靠市场并不能解决所有的资源配置问题，唯有借助政府力量，才能矫正市场运行所产生的失衡，从而实现经济与社会的和谐发展。社会主义和谐社会的构建必须充分发挥市场机制和政府作用。     

新自由主义之基本理解、承载典型及其传播中的大众传媒功能

新自由主义是古典经济自由主义的当代复兴。以对国家干预的立场为着眼点可以对新自由主义从学术意义上与政策及意识形态意义上作出界分。新自由主义政策在非西方世界扩张具有资本主义意识形态实质。新政治经济学是新自由主义的承载典型,对其借鉴需要同时考察其意识形态实质。大众传媒传播新自由主义之基本理解、承载典型促成了新自由主义在当代中国越来越大的影响力。对新自由主义反思与借鉴的基本步骤是批判与重构新自由主义传播中的大众传媒功能。针对大众传媒传播新自由主义中设置功能、引导功能与流通功能中分别存在的误置、误导、误通,必须对应性地加以规范、匡正、顺畅。     

从拉美经济改革的失败透视新自由主义的本质

新自由主义是在继承资产阶级古典自由主义经济理论的基础上,以反对和抵制凯恩斯主义为主要特征,适应了国家垄断资本主义向国际垄断资本主义转变要求的理论思潮、思想体系和政策主张。新自由主义改革模式自身存在的根本性的错误和问题以及新自由主义意识形态特定的利益诉求导致拉美经济改革的失败。新自由主义经济改革范式的实践悖论,要求我们认真反思和认识新自由主义的本质。     

对新自由主义微观基础的批判

新自由主义是在继承古典自由主义的理论基础上,以批判凯恩斯主义为主要特征的思想理论。20世纪70年代后,新自由主义影响大增,一度成为西方各国制定政策的理论依据。但新自由主义的假设前提和微观基础存在严重的缺陷和现实有着明显的冲突,这必然导致其理论缺乏科学性和政策主张的无效性。奉行新自由主义国家的实践证明,新自由主义所描绘的美丽图景根本无法实现,反而使它们陷入了新的危机。     

如何看待新自由主义经济学

近年来,我国理论界对新自由主义经济学的看法存在很大分歧。本文认为,新自由主义经济学与政治化的新自由主义———“华盛顿共识”之间虽然存在千丝万缕的联系,但二者存在本质的差别,“华盛顿共识”本质上是以美国为首的西方发达国家推行世界霸权主义的工具,因此我们必须坚决抵制;而新自由主义经济学主要是为适应解决西方国家经济问题、推动资本主义市场经济发展的需要而产生和不断发展的,因此其中必然存在可供我国社会主义经济建设借鉴之处。但在借鉴新自由主义经济理论过程中,必须持批判的态度。     

新自由主义与中国发展道路

近些年来,“新自由主义”受到国内一些人的追捧,这些人宣称政府对经济干预过多,主张中国也应实行新自由主义。中国必须要走新自由主义道路吗？新自由主义是适合所有国家的“治世真经”吗？拉美、原苏东国家改革的失败以及国际金融危机的蔓延告诉我们,照搬别国的发展模式,搞新自由主义只能是死路一条。我们需要认清新自由主义的实质和危害,发挥社会主义市场经济的制度优势,走中国特色社会主义道路,才能实现中华民族伟大复兴。     

从发展中国家到发达国家对新自由主义的重新审视

新自由主义思潮虽然源于古典自由主义,但将其推向极端化,要求不受任何约束的自由或约束尽可能少的自由,从而为监管不力、有毒金融衍生品泛滥等各种错误行为打开了方便之门,为祸从发展中国家到发达国家的整个世界。因此,应该客观辩证地认识新自由主义的本质及其危害,坚定走建设有中国特色社会主义的市场经济改革之路,坚决抵制新自由主义思潮的侵蚀和渗透。     

新自由主义本质辨析

新自由主义是资本主义经济、政治和社会矛盾发展的产物。新自由主义的产生有其历史客观必然性。它一方面推动了资本主义的发展,缓和了资本主义的基本矛盾;另一方面又造成了世界资本主义体系新的矛盾和危机,特别是加剧了发达国家内部以及发达国家与发展中国家之间的两极分化。新自由主义是国际垄断资产阶级关于全球化意识形态的理论表现。新自由主义经历了“由经济学理论嬗变为美国的国家意识形态和主流价值观念的过程,不能将作为学术理论的新自由主义同政治化、范式化的新自由主义等同”。这个论断符合实际,同时也可以使我们深化对新自由主义本质的认识。对新自由主义我们必须保持清醒的认识,否则就有可能导致理论和政策上的失误。     

新自由主义研究

本文在系统分析研究新自由主义理论流派及其发展的基础上认为,新自由主义主张自由化、私有化、市场化和全球“一体化”,其本质是适应国家垄断资本向国际垄断资本转变要求的理论思潮、思想体系和政策主张。作为资产阶级经济理论的新自由主义同将新自由主义范式化、政治化和国家意识形态化的“华盛顿共识”不能等同;对于前者应批判性地吸收、借鉴;对于后者须坚决批判、抵制,谨慎落入“一体化”陷阱。     

剖析新自由主义及其实施的后果

建立在“看不见的手”的基础上的新自由主义 ,积极推行一整套经济政策 ,并提出“五个更少”的要求 :更少的政府支出 ,更少的税收 ,更少的财政赤字 ,更少的货币扩张 ,更少的政府干预。英国首相撒切尔和美国总统里根 ,是新自由主义的积极实践者 ,其实践的结果是“富人和处于奴隶状态的穷人之间的两极分化”。对新自由主义我们应保持清醒的头脑 ,谨防陷入“市场万能论”和“市场神化论”的误区。     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

John Stuart Mill's Theory Of Justice

John Stuart Mill has traditionally been portrayed as self-contradictory and failing to construct a unified social theory. Recent scholarship, however, has challenged this view, finding Mill's work to be creatively synthetic in bridging the antinomies inherent in liberal democratic thought. This revisionist interpretation of Mill is advanced by an understanding of his theory of justice and its role in shaping his policy positions on issues such as welfare, education, voting rights, property rights, taxation, government intervention, and the future of capitalism.     

A Rich Vein for “Reality Mining”北大核心CSSCISSCI

Arik Hesseldahl In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, U.S. officials quickly turned their attention to other potential targets, including California's Golden Gate Bridge. What would happen if terrorists took down the bridge between San Francisco and Marin County? How much of the region would be affected and for how long?     

Solidified Branding Function: How the Urban Brand Affects a Small Town’s Development? Case Study of Wangqingtuo,Tianjin, China

Chinese small towns are usually developed with single core industry,and the urban brand is the identity of a town that formed with the development of its indust...     

Nonlinearity in Stock Exchange Markets: The Case of Bist 100 Indices

In this paper,using data for the Bist 100 index,we investigate the presence of nonlinearities by employing several nonlinearity tests.The Brock,Dechert,and Sche...     

中国养活自己能力的长期预测:技术和政策分析

中国拥有世界五分之一强的人口 ,收入又在迅速增长。因此 ,国际上很自然地会考虑或推测她在今后的几十年是否有能力养活自己。中国的人口预计将从 2 0 0 0年的 1 2 8亿增长到 2 0 2 0年的 1 4 6亿 ,和 2 0 3 0年的 1 4 9亿。与此同时 ,人均收入的增长将导致对家畜和鱼类产品更大的需求 ,因而对饲料的需求也将有很大的增长     

Perspective on the Economic Evolution of the European Union States Under the Impact of the Pandemic and Financial-Economic Crisis

The European Union,which is at the beginning of its term of office for all Member States in the European Parliament,the European Commission,its governing body a...     

Neurally reconstructing expected utility

While the concept of “expected utility” informs many theories of decision making, little is known about whether and how the human brain might compute this quantity. This article reviews a series of functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) experiments designed to localize brain regions that respond in anticipation of increasing amounts of monetary incentives. These studies collectively suggest that anticipation of increasing monetary gains activates a subcortical region of the ventral striatum in a magnitude-proportional manner. This ventral striatal activation is not evident during anticipation of losses. Actual gain outcomes instead activate a region of the mesial prefrontal cortex. During anticipation of gain, ventral striatal activation is accompanied by feelings characterized by increasing arousal and positive valence. These findings affirm the role of emotion in the anticipation of incentives, and may provide an initial step towards a neural reconstruction of expected utility.