PPI与CPI背离、金融摩擦异质性与货币政策选择

2011年下半年到2016年初PPI与CPI长时间持续背离的现象一直受到社会各界普遍关注.本文从大宗商品价格、上下游生产结构与金融摩擦异质性视角分析了这一现象,并探讨了货币政策规则的选择.研究发现:(1)负向大宗商品价格冲击导致PPI的下降,由此带来的货币政策宽松与中国结构性金融摩擦分别从需求端和成本端拉升了 CPI,从而导致PPI与CPI的反向背离,这为PPI与CPI的背离提供了新的理论解释.(2)本文比较了盯住PPI通胀、CPI通胀以及两者加权通胀的货币政策规则,发现盯住加权通胀带来的福利损失最小,表明央行在稳定CPI的同时,也应重视对PPI的稳定.(3)本文比较了价格型与数量型货币政策工具,结果表明从福利角度看,价格型货币政策工具显著优于数量型工具.此外,本文强调了上下游金融摩擦异质性这一结构性特征对认识中国经济现象以及制定政策的重要含义.     

货币供应量、大宗商品价格超调对CPI的影响 ——基于协整检验和VEC模型

本文研究了中国货币供给变动对大宗商品价格和CPI的影响,以及货币供给冲击下大宗商品价格波动对CPI的影响.在VAR模型基础上建立误差修正(VEC)模型,得到各变量的长期稳定关系,并通过脉冲响应和方差分解从响应幅度和反应时间上对研究内容进行实证分析,提出对我国货币政策、大宗商品价格与物价调控的相关对策建议.     

货币供应量、大宗商品价格超调对CPI的影响 ——基于协整检验和VEC模型

本文研究了中国货币供给变动对大宗商品价格和CPI的影响,以及货币供给冲击下大宗商品价格波动对CPI的影响.在VAR模型基础上建立误差修正(VEC)模型,得到各变量的长期稳定关系,并通过脉冲响应和方差分解从响应幅度和反应时间上对研究内容进行实证分析,提出对我国货币政策、大宗商品价格与物价调控的相关对策建议.     

国际油价波动对中国物价水平影响的研究——基于协整和状态空间模型的估计

国际油价波动通过产品供需、产业传递、货币政策等渠道传导至国内经济体系.笔者利用国际油价与国内CPI、PPI月度数据,检验变量的平稳性及协整关系,并以此为基础构建变系数状态空间模型描述变量间的动态关系.结果发现,国际油价波动确实影响国内CPI、PPI变动,价格弹性是可变的,在油价上升期大于下降期;国际油价波动对PPI的影响效应大于对CPI的影响效应.     

中国CPI之“猪价周期”的实证研究

CPI(居民消费价格指数)与猪肉价格是对宏观经济有重要影响的两个方面,为了进一步研究二者的关系,本文通过实证研究发现,猪肉价格与CPI保持明显协同,二者存在双向的因果关系,但猪价对于CPI的影响要大于CPI对于猪价的影响.从长期看,猪肉价格与CPI具有长期均衡关系,猪肉价格每波动1％,CPI将同向波动0.0292％,稳定猪价的异常波动对于稳定CPI具有重要作用.从短期来看,CPI的波动,受猪价的影响要大于受自身的影响;而猪价的波动,受自身的影响要大于来自CPI的影响.基于上述结论,提出了相应的政策建议.     

2021年物价走势预测及调控目标建议

2020年以来,我国居民消费价格涨幅高位回落,工业生产者价格持续下降,1-10.月CPI上涨3.0%,PPI下降2.0%,预计2020年CPI上涨2.6%,PPI下降2.0%。展望2021年,大宗商品价格恢复性.上涨、货币环境宽松、劳动力成本上涨等因素支撑价格上涨;猪肉价格稳中有降、粮食产量和库存双高、宏观需求偏弱等因素抑制价格上涨。综合考虑翘尾因素和新涨价因素的影响,初步判断2021年CPI上涨1.5%左右,PPI上涨0.5%左右。应重点关注国际大宗商品和猪肉价格走势,做好前期稳物价措施退出对2021年物价波动影响的政策预案。建议将2021年物价调控目标定为3.0%左右,实施灵活适度的稳健货币政策,保障主要农产品供给充裕,推进重点领域价格改革,保障产业链供应链稳定。     

上网电价波动对中国PPI和CPI水平波动的传导机制——基于VAR模型的实证分析

2003年以来,中国电煤价格快速上涨和"电荒"频现迫使政府多次上调上网电价。然而,在通胀压力较大的经济背景下,上调上网电价是否对PPI和CPI构成重大影响,并进而导致通胀加剧的疑问亟待回答。本文在建立VAR模型的基础上,通过脉冲响应函数与方差分解,研究了上网电价波动对中国PPI和CPI水平波动的传导机制。分析结果表明,2003年以来上网电价的上涨对中国PPI和CPI的影响都比较小,并没有导致通胀加剧;上网电价波动对PPI和CPI的作用持续时间分别约为6个月和3个月左右,其中对PPI的影响比对CPI的影响要大;价格传导机制主要是从上网电价→PPI和上网电价→CPI;两者反向传导以及PPI→CPI并不畅通,但CPI→PPI的反馈效应不容忽视。进而本文提出了适当上调上网电价、继续规制销售电价等政策建议。     

CPI与PPI的非线性Granger因果关系研究——基于深圳市月度数据的实证分析

文章基于深圳市2005年1月至2013年12月的居民消费价格指数(CPI)和工业生产者出厂价格指数(PPI),运用非线性Granger因果关系检验,从非线性的角度考察深圳市的CPI与PPI之间的作用关系,并采用逐步检验方法对CPI与PPI之间在不同时期的作用关系进行动态分析。非线性Granger因果关系检验的结果表明,在所考察的样本时期内,存在着由PPI到CPI的单向非线性Granger因果关系。逐步检验则进一步显示,PPI是引起CPI变化的非线性Granger因果原因。这说明供给因素在以CPI衡量的通货膨胀中占优于需求因素,也意味着上游生产要素的价格上涨将传导至下游消费品的价格,以致加大了成本推动通货膨胀的压力。因此,治理通货膨胀应采取以供给调控为主的政策,并适时适度地根据CPI与PPI之间的动态关系进行宏观调控。     

PPI和CPI的非线性传导:产业链与价格预期机制

本文在PPI和CPI产业链传导机制的基础上进一步提出价格预期传导机制。产业链是物价传导的经济基础,价格预期是物价传导的实现基础。本文同时构建包含货币因素的非线性MG系统模型(MNMG模型)进行实证检验。研究发现:(1)PPI对CPI存在向下推动传导,平均时滞1至4个月,CPI对PPI存在反向反馈传导,平均时滞1至2个月;供给因素和需求因素在我国物价形成机制中均起显著作用,但需求因素更快地形成通胀(或通缩)的压力。(2)产业链和价格预期两种机制均发挥显著作用,两者一定程度上解释了物价传导的线性和非线性特征。产业链机制在CPI对PPI的反馈传导中作用更明显,而价格预期机制在PPI对CPI的推动传导中作用更明显。(3)我国PPI和CPI均存在显著的惯性持续效应,且通胀惯性作用强于物价之间的传导,一定程度上削弱物价之间的传导。(4)从政策上来看,生产领域和消费领域出现价格上涨或者紧缩时,尤其是面对当前严峻的PPI长期持续下降,预期管理是重要且必须采取的措施。     

需求拉动,还是投资推动——基于新一轮通胀周期的实证研究

对通货膨胀及其成因的研究一直是宏观经济学与政府政策的一项重要内容。本文通过建立向量误差修正模型(VECM),对我国1997～2009年新一周期的通货膨胀进行实证研究。结果发现,月度消费价格指数(CPI)和工业品出厂价格指数(PPI)之间存在长期均衡关系,其格兰杰因果关系走向是CPI影响PPI,即价格传导走向是自下而上,而不是相反。这也就是说,总需求的扩张仍是此阶段通货膨胀的根源,所谓结构性通胀、输入型通胀等非典型通胀的解释得不到实证支持。研究还发现,在解释现阶段通胀中,供给价格弹性和巨型经济体是需要注意的两个因素。     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

John Stuart Mill's Theory Of Justice

John Stuart Mill has traditionally been portrayed as self-contradictory and failing to construct a unified social theory. Recent scholarship, however, has challenged this view, finding Mill's work to be creatively synthetic in bridging the antinomies inherent in liberal democratic thought. This revisionist interpretation of Mill is advanced by an understanding of his theory of justice and its role in shaping his policy positions on issues such as welfare, education, voting rights, property rights, taxation, government intervention, and the future of capitalism.     

A Rich Vein for Reality Mining

Arik Hesseldahl In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, U.S. officials quickly turned their attention to other potential targets, including California's Golden Gate Bridge. What would happen if terrorists took down the bridge between San Francisco and Marin County? How much of the region would be affected and for how long?     

中国养活自己能力的长期预测:技术和政策分析

中国拥有世界五分之一强的人口 ,收入又在迅速增长。因此 ,国际上很自然地会考虑或推测她在今后的几十年是否有能力养活自己。中国的人口预计将从 2 0 0 0年的 1 2 8亿增长到 2 0 2 0年的 1 4 6亿 ,和 2 0 3 0年的 1 4 9亿。与此同时 ,人均收入的增长将导致对家畜和鱼类产品更大的需求 ,因而对饲料的需求也将有很大的增长     

Interest on reserves and inflation

The payment of interest on reserves has been a common practice in inflationary economies. This policy may seem paradoxical since it involves returning part of the seigniorage, generated by the inflation process, with the intention to finance the fiscal deficit. This paper argues that the motivation for this policy can be captured by the discretionary regime, where the policymaker pays interest on reserves because he is concerned with the erosion of real liquidity by inflation, which is in part beyond his control. However, this policy is an unlikely outcome in the commitment regime, where the policymaker is in full control of inflation.     

John Stuart Mill's Theories of Wealth and Income Distribution

Although he was much influenced by David Ricardo when he wrote the classical part of his Principles , John Stuart Mill was not a Ricardian when he penned his theories of wealth and distribution. They are based on a triple foundation. First, a belief that economics is a moral discipline. Second a theory of custom-driven human behavior. Third, an empirically formed conviction that the institutions of state, education and business cooperate to structure the distribution of income. On the basis of these presuppositions, Mill formulated 1) an institutional theory of the formation of human and non-human wealth and 2) an even more institutional theory of distribution demonstrating how the aforementioned institutions malignantly skew the distribution of income to the advantage of the propertied classes and to the extreme disadvantage of the working class. As a social economist, Mill recommended institutional reforms designed to eradicate the poverty of the working class.     

Forecasting the price of gold

This article seeks to evaluate the appropriateness of a variety of existing forecasting techniques (17 methods) at providing accurate and statistically significant forecasts for gold price. We report the results from the nine most competitive techniques. Special consideration is given to the ability of these techniques to provide forecasts which outperforms the random walk (RW) as we noticed that certain multivariate models (which included prices of silver, platinum, palladium and rhodium, besides gold) were also unable to outperform the RW in this case. Interestingly, the results show that none of the forecasting techniques are able to outperform the RW at horizons of 1 and 9 steps ahead, and on average, the exponential smoothing model is seen providing the best forecasts in terms of the lowest root mean squared error over the 24-month forecasting horizons. Moreover, we find that the univariate models used in this article are able to outperform the Bayesian autoregression and Bayesian vector autoregressive models, with exponential smoothing reporting statistically significant results in comparison with the former models, and classical autoregressive and the vector autoregressive models in most cases.     

Toward a Phylogenetic Reconstruction of Organizational Life

Synopsis Classification is an important activity that facilitates theory development in many academic disciplines. Scholars in fields such as organizational science, management science and economics and have long recognized that classification offers an approach for ordering and understanding the diversity of organizational taxa (groups of one or more similar organizational entities). However, even the most prominent organizational classifications have limited utility, as they tend to be shaped by a specific research bias, inadequate units of analysis and a standard neoclassical economic view that does not naturally accommodate the disequilibrium dynamics of modern competition. The result is a relatively large number of individual and unconnected organizational classifications, which tend to ignore the processes of change responsible for organizational diversity. Collectively they fail to provide any sort of universal system for ordering, compiling and presenting knowledge on organizational diversity. This paper has two purposes. First, it reviews the general status of the major theoretical approaches to biological and organizational classification and compares the methods and resulting classifications derived from each approach. Definitions of key terms and a discussion on the three principal schools of biological classification (evolutionary systematics, phenetics and cladistics) are included in this review. Second, this paper aims to encourage critical thinking and debate about the use of the cladistic classification approach for inferring and representing the historical relationships underpinning organizational diversity. This involves examining the feasibility of applying the logic of common ancestry to populations of organizations. Consequently, this paper is exploratory and preparatory in style, with illustrations and assertions concerning the study and classification of organizational diversity.